when was beer invented 1862

Macquire, Kelly. Even without Pasteurs experiments defining the biological processes that result in living yeast turning glucose into ethanolwhat he dubbed alcoholic fermentationpeople evidently knew that fermentation made beer bubbly, flavorful, alcoholic, and generally much more fun to drink than plain barley water. It had, presumably, been sitting there since its last owner took his (or her) last sip around 3400BC. The holiday commemorates a battlefield victory on May 5, 1862, but one expert called it a "fake holiday recently invented by beverage companies." Cola vs Beer: Which is Better for Health? Belgium rebelled against the Netherlands. Beer was one of the most common drinks during the Middle Ages. Who Discovered Beer? Invented a horse drawn reaper. One great gift idea is a beer-themed gift basket. In New York, by 1632 the globally ambitious Dutch West India Company opened the first brewery in America in lower Manhattan. Burnett, J. In 1256, the Aldobrandino of Siena described the nature of beer in the following way: But from whichever it is made, whether from oats, barley or wheat, it harms the head and the stomach, it causes bad breath and ruins the teeth, it fills the stomach with bad fumes, and as a result anyone who drinks it along with wine becomes drunk quickly; but it does have the property of facilitating urination and makes one's flesh white and smooth. By the early 20th century the number of recognized breweries will drop to around 1,500. Watch on Glass beer bottles are popular among beer drinkers because they can be easily recycled and reused. 1609 - Brewers in the same Virginia colony begin placing "help wanted" ads in London newspapers looking for experienced brewers. Surprisingly, most brewery owners were women. These are traces of just how early beer was present on American soil. While beer is usually matured for relatively short times (a few weeks to a few months) compared to wine, some of the stronger so-called real ales have been found to develop character and flavour over the course of as much as several decades. It is [like] the onrush of Tigris and Euphrates. Lager beer breweries open in Cincinnati and other cities. 1920-1936 prohibition & art deco. During the Reformation in the 16th century, the rise of Protestantism helped boost hops profile in Europe. Coutts patented his process, which involves beer flowing through sealed tanks, fermenting under pressure, and never coming into contact with the atmosphere, even when bottled. pasteurization, heat-treatment process that destroys pathogenic microorganisms in certain foods and beverages.It is named for the French scientist Louis Pasteur, who in the 1860s demonstrated that abnormal fermentation of wine and beer could be prevented by heating the beverages to about 57 C (135 F) for a few minutes. 1868 John Siebel opened a brewing school that later became the Siebel Institute of Technology. [19] Beer is also mentioned in the Epic of Gilgamesh, in which the 'wild man' Enkidu is given beer to drink. He then invented a process where bacteria could be removed by boiling and then cooling liquid. The short answers, respectively, are no, the 9th century, at the latest, and Gore Verbinski. But the long version is more fun. [13], The earliest archaeological evidence of fermentation consists of 13,000-year-old residues of a beer with the consistency of gruel, used by the semi-nomadic Natufians for ritual feasting, at the Raqefet Cave in the Carmel Mountains near Haifa in Israel. The history of Guinness Photo by The Irish Road Trip Guinness was founded in 1759 when Arthur Guinness leased a small brewery, St. James's Gate Brewery in Dublin, and signed a legendary 9,000-year lease. Beer, by the way, is any fermented, alcoholic beverage made with cereal grains such as wheat or barley. Once this was known, brewers switched to using mostly pale malt for all beers supplemented with a small quantity of highly coloured malt to achieve the correct colour for darker beers. It is the oldest brewery in the U.S. Its still owned by the Yuengling family. 1. The key innovation was the introduction of hops, which began in northern Germany in the 13th century. Speaking of Budweiser During 1995s Super Bowl, a commercial featuring the three talking amphibiansBud, Weis, and Eraired, and for some reason, America fell in love. Early beer was likely made by crushing up grains, heating them gradually in water, then possibly baking them, and steeping them again. 1849 One of these German migrs, August Krug, opens his own brewery in Milwaukee which eventually becomes Schlitz. [10], As almost any cereal containing certain sugars can undergo spontaneous fermentation due to wild yeasts in the air, it is possible that beer-like drinks were independently developed throughout the world soon after a tribe or culture had domesticated cereal. She has a passion for mythology and the Aegean Bronze Age. Alice Maggio, Lill & Diversey: A Short History of Early Chicago Brewing, retrieved from https://gapersblock.com/airbags/archives/lill_diversey_a_short_history_of_early_chicago_brewing/, 3. Howard Hyde Russell with the goal of suppressing the saloon. Thus in Hamburg per capita consumption increased from an average of 300 liters per year in the 15th century to about 700 in the 17th century.[55]. This practice led to a number of lawsuits, most notably, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "World's oldest beer receipt? The material, called Parkesine, was an organic material derived from cellulose that, once heated, could be molded and retained its shape when cooled. Elzinga, Kenneth G., Carol Horton Tremblay, and Victor J. Tremblay. [citation needed] Though wine of varying qualities was the most common drink in the south, beer was still popular among the lower classes. Though beer was drunk in Ancient Rome, it was replaced in popularity by wine. Okay, actually beer likely dates back to the dawn of cereal agriculture, loosely pinpointed at 10,000 B.C.E. Historical Highlights of the IRS 1862 - President Lincoln signed into law a revenue-raising measure to help pay for Civil War expenses. At the time, massive storage vats were en vogue in Londons breweries, and when one of these large vats burst at The Horse Shoe Brewery, it led to over a hundred thousand gallons of beer flooding the surrounding area in a veritable brew-nami. These monks were likely the first people to make beer with hops. 1880 Beginning in this year the number of breweries in the US begins a slow decline. [8][pageneeded] The development of hydrometers and thermometers changed brewing by allowing the brewer more control of the process, and giving greater knowledge of the brewing product. Beer, Its History and Its Economic Value as a National Beverage was published. Beer, alcoholic beverage produced by extracting raw materials with water, boiling (usually with hops), and fermenting. Ancient peoples would heat the gruel and leave it throughout the days until it was gone. Behind water and tea, it's thought to be the third most widely consumed drink on Earth. Other innovations from German lands involved larger kettle sizes and more frequent brewing. 1887 The Master Brewers Association was formed. They were supplied by a network of icehouses. There would be even more advances during the next century. Such also as use both indifferently do bark, cleave, and dry their wood in an oven, thereby to remove all moisture that should procure the fume "London and Country Brewer" (1736) specified the varieties of "brown malt" popular in the city: Brown Malts are dryed with Straw, Wood and Fern, etc. At the time, brewers were women as well, but also priestesses. Perhaps it shouldnt be surprising that the story of the worlds most-widely consumed intoxicating beverage is shrouded in legend and half-truths. 1873 Becks Brewery was founded in Bremmen, Germany. As a result, microbreweries gain traction in several states as beer drinkers express a desire for more choice. 1892: Wood pulp coaster invented by Robert Smith of Dresden, Germany. In the mid-800s, Adalard of Corbie, a German Abbot from the monastery of Corvey in Germany (and a cousin of Charlemagne's), referred to the use of hops in brewing.A few hundred years after that first written reference, German abbess and eventual Catholic saint Hildegard of Bingen wrote, in her book Physica Sacra, that hops make the soul of a man sad and weigh down his inner organs.. The exact year that beer was invented is unknown, but it is believed to have been around 3000 BC. Mexico City residents take part in a traditional reenactment of the Battle of Pueblaa victory for Mexican forces that took place on the May 5, 1862, or Cinco de Mayo. G.ii iii. The decades after World War II saw a huge consolidation of the American brewing industry: brewing companies would buy their rivals solely for their customers and distribution systems, shutting down their brewing operations. Chemical tests of ancient pottery jars reveal that beer was produced about 3,500 BC in what is today Iran, and was one of the first-known biological engineering tasks where the biological process of fermentation is used; the earliest chemically confirmed barley beer to date was discovered at Godin Tepe in the central Zagros Mountains of Iran, wh. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. If you're looking for a gift for a man who loves beer, take a look at some of the options below. "[46], In Europe during the Middle Ages, a brewers' guild might adopt a patron saint of brewing. (1557), fol. The first chemically confirmed barley-beer from the area of modern-day Iran dates back to the 5th millennium BC. As early as 800 BCE, Germans were brewing beer which we know from great quantities of beer jugs that still contain evidence of the drink in them from a tomb in northern Bavaria. Before its introduction beers were brewed from a single malt: brown beers from brown malt, amber beers from amber malt, pale beers from pale malt. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2003. https://worldhistory.typehut.com/the-ancient-history-of-beer-invention-importance-and-development-of-beer-images-and-attributions-5615, https://open.spotify.com/artist/7Dx2vFEg8DmOJ5YCRm4A5v?si=emacIH9CRieFNGXRUyJ9, https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ1X6F7lGMEadnNETSzTv8A, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Bar, The Ancient History of Beer: Invention, Importance and Development of Beer. . Beer was a big part of life in Mesopotamia, but historians believe that the Egyptians learned the craft from an even older race. This page was last edited on 26 June 2023, at 18:40. Also in 1862, the US Brewers Association has its beginnings in New York. Beer was a popular drink of the lower classes from ancient times through the Middle Ages, but theres some confusion as to why. August 7, 2022 by Andrew Sanchez The first beer ever made is a topic of much debate. The first brewery in California, the Adam Schuppert Brewery at Stockton and Jackson Streets, was established in 1849., Susan Saperstein, San Francisco City Guides & Sponsors. Well get to hops soon enough (about 11,000 years). Following significant improvements in the efficiency of the steam engine in 1765, industrialization of beer became a reality. 1810 Munich established Oktoberfest as an official celebration. This included a polite request for beer to be sent to the garrison (which had entirely consumed its previous stock of beer). According to Czech legend, deity Radegast, god of hospitality, invented beer. Crown cap invented by William Painter of Crown Cork and Seal Co. in Baltimore. As a result, beer sales declined. Find out more on: https://www.ancientlyre.com https://open.spotify.com/artist/7Dx2vFEg8DmOJ5YCRm4A5v?si=emacIH9CRieFNGXRUyJ9 https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ1X6F7lGMEadnNETSzTv8A THUMBNAIL IMAGE https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Bar,_Pompeii.jpg) Daniele Florio from Rome, ITALY CC BY 2.0 World History Encyclopedia www.worldhistory.org #historyofbeer #beerintheancientword #sumerianbeer. Last modified July 27, 2021. His motto was Beer against Whisky. There were 2,830 breweries in the U.S. The U.S. Leaving the gruel to sit would change it. While its hard to say that beer was never looked at as a healthier alternative to water, the theory doesnt stand up to much scrutiny as it relates to the Middle Ages. 1880s The Guinness brewery became the largest in the world. Modern breweries now brew many types of beer, ranging from ancient styles such as the spontaneously fermented lambics of Belgium; the lagers, dark beers, wheat beers and more of Germany; the UK's stouts, milds, pale ales, bitters, golden ale and new modern American creations such as chili beer, cream ale, and double India pale ales. Bootlegged beer was often watered down to increase profits, beginning a trend, still on-going today, of the American markets heavily advertising the weaker beers and keeping them popular. Further innovations in the brewing process came about with the introduction of the thermometer in 1760 and hydrometer in 1770, which allowed brewers to increase efficiency and attenuation. The brewery continues . Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. [27], These beers were often thick, more of a gruel than a drink, and drinking straws were used by the Sumerians to avoid the bitter solids left over from fermentation. 1890 Philippine brewer San Miguel began making beer. After Coors Brewing Company introduced the first aluminum beer can. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/video/2605/the-ancient-history-of-beer-invention-importance-a/. Today, the brewing industry is a huge global business, consisting of several multinational companies, and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. The story of beer in the 19th century saw many advances in brewing techniques. This innovation has since been accepted worldwide and prevents harmful rays from destroying the quality and stability of beer.[58]. By: History.com Editors. [35] Early traces of beer and the brewing process have been found in ancient Babylonia as well. 1818 A steam engine was installed in a Philadelphia brewery. The process which is now recognised as beer brewing began in Mesopotamia in a small village at Godin Tepe in modern-day Iran, between 3500 and 3100 BCE. [9][failed verification] More than 133billion liters (35billion gallons) of beer are sold per year producing total global revenues of $294.5billion (147.7billion) in 2006. The only other alternative was to increase the alcohol content, which was rather expensive. A 50% production increase in just 6 years. The Bavarian law was applied throughout Germany as part of the 1871 German unification as the German Empire under Otto von Bismarck, and has since been updated to reflect modern trends in beer brewing. As far as etiquette was concerned, leaving a party when you could still walk straight was the Egyptian equivalent of not finishing your meal. In the late Middle Ages, the brewing industry in northern Europe changed from a small-scale domestic industry to a large-scale export industry. He made this in a giant kettle that Thor had brought. All rights reserved for entire Alcohol Problems and Solutions website. Patterson, Mark, and Nancy Hoalst-Pullen, eds. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, and domestic manufacture ceased to be significant by the end of the 19th century. Furthermore, the hop plant being unknown in East Asia, malt-based alcoholic drinks did not preserve well over time, and the use of malt in the production of alcoholic drinks gradually fell out of favor in China until disappearing from Chinese history by the end of the Tang dynasty. However, this is a debatable point, and such drinks are generally referred to as "rice wine" or "sake" which is really the generic Chinese and Japanese word for all alcoholic drinks. It levied a 3 percent tax on incomes between $600 and $10,000 and a 5 percent tax on incomes of more than $10,000. Because these giant beer-makers are also giant beer-distributors, with a big say in what brands up on store shelves, critics accuse them of reducing competition from independent producers and potentially stifling consumer choice. Before that, gruit, a mix of various herbs, had been used, but did not have the same preserving properties as hops. Early 21st Home brewing takes off across the country as do beer festivals large and small. Hopped beer was imported to England from the Netherlands as early as 1400 in Winchester, and hops were being planted on the island by 1428. 1860 A total of 1,269 breweries produced over one million barrels of beer in the U.S. 1833 William Lill and Company establish the first commercial brewery in Chicago. Fermentation happens when yeast microbes consume these sugars and convert them into alcohol, flavor compounds, and carbon dioxide. The first man-made plastic was created by Alexander Parkes who publicly demonstrated it at the 1862 Great International Exhibition in London. The New Albion Brewery is incredibly influential. The Origin & Development of Beer It is thought that the craft of brewing beer began in domestic kitchens when grains used for baking bread were left out unattended and began to ferment. Confirmed written evidence of ancient beer production in Armenia can be obtained from Xenophon in his work Anabasis (5th century BC) when he was in one of the ancient Armenian villages in which he wrote: There were stores within of wheat and barley and vegetables, and wine made from barley in great big bowls; the grains of barley malt lay floating in the beverage up to the lip of the vessel, and reeds lay in them, some longer, some shorter, without joints; when you were thirsty you must take one of these into your mouth, and suck. Bottom-fermented beers were discovered by accident in the 16th century after beer was stored in cool caverns for long periods; they have since largely outpaced top-fermented beers in terms of volume. 1873 -There are now 4131 recognized breweries in the US producing 9 million barrels of beer annually. 1886 The first brewery began in Juneau, Alaska. Some Pacific island cultures ferment starch that has been converted to fermentable sugars by human saliva, similar to the chicha of South America. Some types of beers were used especially in religious ceremonies. The idea that beer was consumed more commonly than water during medieval times is considered by some historians to be a myth. World History Encyclopedia. 185,000 barrels of beer annually with the help of 132 recognized breweries. 1962 The tab top can from the Pittsburgh Brewing Company makes its debut. Destroyed breweries include K.G. [25][26], Beer became vital to all the grain-growing civilizations of Eurasian and North African antiquity, including Egypt so much so that in 1868 James Death put forward a theory in The Beer of the Bible that the manna from heaven that God gave the Israelites was a bread-based, porridge-like beer called wusa. Whether or not the resulting product can be called beer is sometimes disputed, since: Some Taiwanese tribes have taken the process a step further by distilling the resulting alcoholic drink, resulting in a clear liquor. His process was introduced in the US and UK, but is now used for commercial beer production only in New Zealand.[59]. In 2100 BC, the Babylonian king Hammurabi included regulations governing tavern keepers in his law code for the kingdom. The earliest known alcoholic beverage may have been brewed around 7000 BCE in China in the village of Jiahu, where neolithic pottery shows evidence of a mead-type concoction made from rice, honey. [49] Water was cheaper than beer, and towns/villages were built close to sources of fresh water such as rivers, springs, and wells to facilitate easy access to the resource. And what do the Budweiser Frogs have in common with Captain Jack Sparrow? It produces 600 barrels of ale in its first year of production. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Another option is a beer-brewing kit. [1]. "[18], Approximately 5,000 years ago, workers in the city of Uruk were paid by their employers in beer. 1817 The invention of the drum roaster enabled the creation of very dark, roasted malts. They believed that beer brewing knowledge was a gift from the god Osiris, and they incorporated the drink into their religious ceremonies. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Steve Sherlock, the Highways England archaeology lead for the A14 project said, "Its a well-known fact that ancient populations used the beer-making process to purify water and create a safe source of hydration, but this is potentially the earliest physical evidence of that process taking place in the UK." Documented evidence and recently excavated tombs indicate that the Chinese brewed alcoholic drinks from both malted grain and grain converted by mold from prehistoric times, but that the malt conversion process was largely considered inefficient in comparison with the use of molds specially cultivated on rice carrier (the resulting molded rice being called (Ji q) in Chinese and Koji in Japanese) to convert cooked rice into fermentable sugars, both in the amount of resulting fermentable sugars and the residual by products (the Chinese use the dregs left after fermenting the rice, called (Jizo), as a cooking ingredient in many dishes, frequently as an ingredient to sauces where Western dishes would use wine), because the rice undergoes starch conversion after being hulled and cooked, rather than whole and in husks like barley malt. Yuengling is the oldest beer in America and has been around since 1829. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. When Anheuser-Busch InBev acquired SABMiller for more than $100 billion in 2016, the resulting conglomerate contained over 500 beverage brands [PDF] and accounted for over a quarter of global beer market sales, according to market research firm Euromonitor International. It helped shape civilization as we know it, and we're not just talking about those commercials where the guys say whasssup?!. 1862 In order to help finance the Civil War effort the federal government passes the Internal Revenue Act which taxes beer at the rate of 1 dollar per barrel. Before the first hipster microbrewery opened, ancient beer makers were using ingredients like carrots, bog myrtle, hemp, and cheese to make their concoctions. Ale shulde not be dronke vnder .v. Grains contain starches, and heating up grains helps break these starches down into their simple sugar components. 1977 What is widely regarded as the first microbrewery appears in California. Asia's first brewery was incorporated in 1855 (although it was established earlier) by Edward Dyer at Kasauli in the Himalayan Mountains in India under the name Dyer Breweries. Brewers were then able to select those strains that made the best beer. The brewing of beer travelled from Egypt to Greece, but it wasnt held in quite as high esteem. 1898: Beer barrel tax raised to $2.00 during Spanish American War. Cinco de Mayo, or the fifth of May, is a holiday that celebrates the date of the Mexican army's May 5, 1862 victory over France at the Battle of Puebla during the Franco-Mexican War. 1810 -The population of the US is now 7 million. London: Routledge. In Richard Ungers Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, he points to several indications that brewers began to intuit the vital role of yeast hundreds of years before Pasteurs time. Today the craft brewing industry skews heavily male, but women have likely been making beer for thousands of years. Lager beer is a type of beer that is made through a fermentation process that uses bottom-fermenting yeast. Yeasts would settle on the mixture and rapidly consume the oxygen in the mixture. Chuvash "pora" its r-Turkic counterpart, which may ultimately be the source of the Germanic beer-word. A record number of 4,131 breweries produced nine million barrels of beer in the U.S. 1875 The Schmitt brewery was built by an innkeeper for his restaurant in Singen in the German state of Thuringia. While its difficult to source accusations of witchcraft levied at brewsters, there does seem to be overlap in assertions of duplicitousness, for exampleperhaps as a method to drive women out of a field that was quickly becoming dominated by men. 1862: Internal Revenue Act taxes beer at the rate of one dollar per barrel to help finance the government during the Civil War. Yet it doth make a man fatte, and doth inflate the bely, as it doth appere by the doche mennes faces and belyes.[54]. Its sometimes said that Louis Pasteur discovered yeast in the mid-1800s, but thats a little misleading. The modern era of brewing began in the late 1800s with commercial refrigeration, automatic bottling, pasteurization, and railroad distribution. Partly inspired by Hildegard, Catholics ditched hops and fully embraced gruit, which was the mixture of herbs and aromatics used to flavor most early beers. [36], In Ancient India, the Vedas and Ramayana mention a beer-like drink called sura consumed during the Vedic Period (c.1500 c.500 BC). [50] Though probably one of the most popular drinks in Europe, beer was frequently disdained as being unhealthy, possibly because ancient Greek and more contemporary Arab physicians had little or no experience with the drink. Most beers until relatively recent times were top-fermented. During the Middle Ages, Catholic monks supported themselves by selling homemade goods like cheese, mustard, and in some cases, beer. Writers of the period describe the distinctive taste derived from wood-smoked malts, and the almost universal revulsion it engendered. 1864 In the Netherlands, Gerard Adriaan Heineken founded a brewery in Amsterdam. Because it was written in song, the recipe was easy for the average beer drinker to memorize if they didnt know how to read. 1893: Anti-Saloon League founded by Rev. We care about our planet! Belgium rebelled against the Netherlands. Native peoples had their own recipe that typically included corn, birch sap and water, but no barley. By 1910, the number of breweries droped to about 1,500. For example, Marston's Brewery in Burton on Trent still uses open wooden Burton Union sets for fermentation in order to maintain the quality and flavour of its beers, while Belgium's lambic brewers go so far as to expose their brews to outside air in order to pick up the natural wild yeasts which ferment the wort. In general, none of these early malts would have been well shielded from the smoke involved in the kilning process, and consequently, early beers would have had a smoky component to their flavors; evidence indicates that maltsters and brewers constantly tried to minimize the smokiness of the finished beer. Thracians were also known to consume beer made from rye, even since the 5th century BC, as the ancient Greek logographer Hellanicus of Lesbos says. Alcohol and Drinking History in America Timeline. As of June 2013, The Brewers Association reports the total number of currently operating US breweries to be 2,538, with only 55 of those being non-craft breweries.[62][63][64][65]. According to clay tablets, beer was also a well-respected craft in ancient Persia at least 7,000 years ago. The invention of the drum roaster in 1817 by Daniel Wheeler allowed for the creation of very dark, roasted malts, contributing to the flavour of porters and stouts. By 1895, the largest sixteen firms had greatly increased their productive capacity and were all brewing over 250,000 barrels annually;[61] and imports have become more abundant since the mid-1980s. Traditional brewing techniques protect the beer from oxidation by maintaining a carbon dioxide blanket over the wort as it ferments into beer. Once fermentation takes place, the alcohol itself would presumably provide further disinfection. History of Beer in Early Christianity & Beyond. Californias first brewery the Adam Schuppert Brewery opens in San Francisco. If beer was first brewed in Israel 13,000 years ago, then there it is possible that the Natufian people who lived in the middle east between 13,000BC and 7,500BC. New York and Pennsylvania produced 85% of the total. It allowed any ratepayer to buy a license to brew and sell beer. Slavic languages use pivo with small variations, based on a pre-Slavic word meaning "drink" and derived from the verb meaning "to drink". As with Asian rice-based liquors, it does not involve malting. They actually donated some of that yeast to charities. Though it's more noticeable in IPAs, the vast majority of beers depend on hops to balance out their sweetness. Liquid Pleasures: a Social History of Drinks in Modern Britain. It was pasteurized 22 years before milk was pasteurized. Due to its historical significance, Yuengling proudly calls itself "America's Oldest Brewery.". They did so to finance construction of a new monastery. If the Sumerians penned a similarly poetic cure for hangovers, it hasnt been discovered. The population was 31 million. The measure created a Commissioner of Internal Revenue and the nation's first income tax. Advertising became supreme, and bigger companies fared better in that market. [31][32] Mesopotamian brewing appears to have incorporated the usage of a twice-baked barley bread called bappir, which was exclusively used for brewing beer. Ancient Sumerians were cultivating grains thousands of years ago, and there's some debate about what they were doing with the grains they grew.

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