how many justices serve on the sc highest court

In those days, the post-election lame duck session of Congress lasted until the following March, says Marcus, and Adams and his Federalists in Congress wanted to do everything in their power to deny Jefferson a Supreme Court pick. Adams nominated and Congress confirmed Ellsworths successor, John Marshall, on February 4, 1801 during the lame duck session of Congress. - Justice Stephen Breyer1 "The Framers adopted life tenure at a time when people simply did not live as long as they do now. Roberts had been a Harvard undergrad and law student and had a reputation as a high-powered intellect. [3][4], The number of judges is set by s.23(2) Constitutional Reform Act 2005, which established the Court, but may be increased by the King through an Order in Council under s.23(3). SC justice since 1993. [12] Reformers expressed concern that this second main example of a mixture of the legislative, judicial and executive might conflict with professed values under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. [14], The reforms were controversial and were brought forward with little consultation but were subsequently extensively debated in Parliament. [23], To avoid a tie, all cases are heard by a panel containing an odd number of justices. hide caption. Over the course of its first 10 years of work, the court has delivered many judgements that have changed the nature of the UK. [79], The building had been used as the Middlesex Quarter Sessions House, and the headquarters of the Middlesex County Council. The Act provides for up to three stages in the Lord Chancellor's consideration of whether to do so: The Supreme Court was established on 1 October 2009. Both of these commissions are convened by the Lord Chancellor. Cartoon of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1937 Supreme Court packing plan and opposition to it, illustrated by J.N. Match. In either case, the Lord Chancellor must either accept or reject the name. Judges are appointed by the King on the advice of the Prime Minister, who receives recommendations from a selection commission. Whilst we are pleased to see another woman appointed to the supreme court, it remains over 80% male. Why should you care? [16] The Government estimated the set-up cost of the Supreme Court at 56.9million.[17]. Lord Reed says all-white and male-dominated court of appeal needs to change. It is a tradition the current chief justice often salutes and, at least at times, seems eager to serve. Eligibility for appointment. This page was last edited on 30 June 2023, at 11:36. Trump was able to fill more seats in a single term than any president since Franklin Roosevelt. The longest-serving member of the current court, Clarence Thomas, was confirmed in 1991. There is always an odd number of Supreme Court justices to decide on cases, so that if they disagree on the outcome, there is a majority ruling one way or the other. Wakeham report 2000, Chapter 9, Recommendation 57. In response, Jefferson and his new Congress quickly repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801, bringing the number of justices officially back to six. Plus, you didnt always have all six justices appearing at the Supreme Court for health and travel reasons.. [1], The Court usually sits in the Middlesex Guildhall in Westminster, though it can sit elsewhere and has, for example, sat in the Edinburgh City Chambers,[2] the Royal Courts of Justice in Belfast,[3] the T Hywel Building in Cardiff,[4] and the Manchester Civil Justice Centre.[5]. In June 2011 Lord Rodger became the first justice to die in office, after a short illness. Many of the rulings of the Supreme Court under Chief Warren Burger and his predecessor Earl Warren were regarded as egregious examples of "activist judges" run amok. As president of the Texas State Bar, she had supported an affirmative action program for women and minorities. In the 1930s, the Supreme Court issued a series of rulings that undercut some of Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal legislation. In other words. Video, she has been critical of the lack of female representation, Supreme Court ruling that overturned high employment tribunal fees. There are two unrelated European Courts. Kennedy had also written in his diary that he found Roberts "bright and smart and compelling," but that when he sought Roberts' commitments on social justice issues, Roberts "didn't want to get into that at all." More than a year after overturning Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court confronts upending precedent. CNN The three appointees of former President Donald Trump have together sealed the Supreme Court's conservatism for a generation, but they have revealed strikingly different methods. [75], After a lengthy survey of suitable sites, including Somerset House, the Government announced that the new court would be at the Middlesex Guildhall, in Parliament Square, Westminster. The Senior Law Lord on 1 October 2009, Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers, became the Court's first President,[26] and the former Second Senior Law Lord, Lord Hope of Craighead, the first Deputy President. Her outstanding legal ability and breadth of experience will be invaluable in maintaining the high quality of our judgments and our reputation as an international centre of legal excellence., Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, 2023 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. [85] A further variant omits the crown entirely and is featured prominently throughout the building. The . Both of these commissions are convened by the Lord Chancellor. On rare occasions the court may have original jurisdiction, normally in cases relating to contempt of the Supreme Court such as, "Proceedings for Contempt: Mr Tim Crosland"[21] and its appeal case "HM Attorney General v Crosland". [24] The former Master of the Rolls, Lord Clarke of Stone-cum-Ebony, became a judge of the Supreme Court on its first day, the first Justice directly appointed to the Court. The Democratic leader at the time and some of the chamber's liberals were ready to filibuster, protesting the choice of a candidate as ideological as they believed Alito to be. Ulysses S. Grant was elected president in 1868 with the backing of the congressional Republicans who had hated Johnson. The Supreme Court's focus is on cases that raise points of law of general public importance. Judges are appointed by the King on the advice of the Prime Minister, who receives recommendations from a selection commission. But its arguably most important case was 2019's decision to rule that Prime Minister Boris Johnson had broken the law by proroguing (suspending) Parliament for five weeks as he faced division over the Brexit process. At the time, Democrats were increasingly focused on that fall's election, one in which they hoped to recapture the Senate majority. Learn. But it also has original jurisdiction over disputes between state governments and cases that involve the federal . Today marks the 500th day of war in Ukraine and fierce fighting is continuing. And the traveling conditions were horrendous.. It seemed appropriate to replace O'Connor with another woman, and while Miers had not been a judge and was little known in the legal community, she had the support of some prominent Democrats in the Senate. It acts as an appellate court, reviewing appeals of decisions made by lower courts. [72], In a statement issued on 30 March 2022, the Foreign Secretary announced that the UK Government could no longer endorse British current judges sitting on the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal, saying to do otherwise "would risk legitimising oppression". This is the same group as the Chancellor of the High Court, Lord Justice Clerk, President of the Family Division and President of the King's Bench Division. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 gave time for a suitable building to be found and fitted out before the Law Lords moved out of the Houses of Parliament, where they had previously used a series of rooms in the Palace of Westminster. Click the card to flip . Consequently, it was hypothesised closely connected decisions of the Law Lords to debates had by friends or on which the Lord Chancellor had expressed a view might be challenged on human-rights grounds on the basis that they had not constituted a fair trial. To limit the geographical area traveled by the justices, the Judiciary Act of 1789 divided the circuit courts into three regions: Eastern, Middle and Southern. [citation needed] The robes were made by Ede & Ravenscroft with the embroidery by Hand & Lock.[34]. Read about our approach to external linking. Lord Reed (left), the president of the supreme court who succeeded Lady Hale (right), in January, said a lack of diversity among justices was a situation that cannot be allowed to become shameful if it persists. It cannot overturn any primary legislation made by Parliament. Prior to 1 October 2009, there were two other courts known as "the supreme court", namely the Supreme Court of England and Wales (known as "the Supreme Court of Judicature", prior to the passing and coming-into-force of the Senior Courts Act 1981), which was created in the 1870s under the Judicature Acts, and the Supreme Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland, both of which consisted of a Court of Appeal, a High Court of Justice and a Crown Court. Get HISTORYs most fascinating stories delivered to your inbox three times a week. However, as with any court in the UK, it can overturn secondary legislation if, for an example, that legislation is found to be ultra vires to the powers in primary legislation allowing it to be made. To limit the geographical area traveled by the justices, the Judiciary Act of 1789 divided the circuit courts into three regions: Eastern, Middle and Southern. Its Congress, not the Constitution, that decides the size of the Supreme Court, which it did for the first time under the Judiciary Act of 1789. The proportion of female court judges as of 1 April was 32%, up from 24% in 2014. The justices hear cases that have been considered in lower courts in any part of the United Kingdom, other than some issues from Northern Ireland and appeals against criminal convictions from Scotland. But the image of her looking distraught became the focus of the day's proceeding in the media. [18], In 2022, the Supreme Court ruled on whether the Scottish Parliament had the power to legislate for an second independence referendum. At Stage Three (i.e. From CNN's Ariane de Vogue. Judges of the Court who are not already peers are granted the judicial courtesy title of Lord or Lady.[5][6]. [8] Section 23 of the Constitutional Reform Act limits the number of judges on the Court to 12, though it also allows for this rule to be amended, to further increase the number of judges, if a resolution is passed in both Houses of Parliament.[9]. [64][65][66][67][68], In June 2021, Baroness Brenda Hale, former president of the UK Supreme Court, announced her decision not to seek reappointment on the Hong Kong court after the end of her term in July while mentioning the impact of the national security law. Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom are the judges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom other than the president and the deputy president. The ten Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (Law Lords) holding office on 1 October 2009 became the first judges of the twelve-member Supreme Court. There haven't always been nine justices on the court. Two 2018 judgements meant the police could be sued for compensation, In 2016, the justices said a law about gang murder. Alex Wong/Getty Images Lord Phillips said such an outcome was "a possibility", but was "unlikely". Thomas faced accusations of sexual harassment by a former co-worker named Anita Hill. But change was already underway to nominate justices who would more reliably keep a conservative bent. [48] In October 2007, the Ministry of Justice announced that the appointment process would be adopted on a voluntary basis for appointments of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary. Kennedy would eventually vote against both the Bush nominees. Many lawyers would see this as an act of political revenge. In the case, five judges unanimously found that Scotland did not have the right to organise a referendum without the permission of Westminster as questions around independence quality as "reserved matters" under the Scotland Act 1998. [41], In addition to the twelve permanent judges, the President may request other senior judges drawn from two groups to sit as "acting judges" of the Supreme Court.[42]. [14][15] However, there is a similar but separate commission to appoint the next President, which is chaired by one of the non-lawyer members and features another Supreme Court Justice in the place of the President. This is to be composed of the President of the Supreme Court (the chair), another senior UK judge (not a Supreme Court Justice), and a member of the Judicial Appointments Commission of England and Wales, the Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland and the Northern Ireland Judicial Appointments Commission. Sitting atop the judicial branch,. [13], Once the commission is formed, there are a number of people it is required to consult. The U.S. Supreme Court grew into the most important judicial body in the . Their judgements set out how a law should be interpreted and applied. [1] The President of the Supreme Court, Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, Lord President of the Court of Session and Master of the Rolls make up Group 1.1 of the scale on 234,184, below only the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, who earns 262,264.[1]. In February 2016 he was appointed a Lord . Rose, educated at both Oxford and Cambridge, is a rare member of the senior judiciary whose previous career was mainly in the government legal service. The paper noted the following concerns: The main argument against a new Supreme Court was that the previous system had worked well and kept costs down. Rose, whose first job was as a Saturday sales assistant in Marks and Spencer, has said she aspired to be an actor up until the age of 13 before setting her heart on becoming a barrister. If the nomination was rejected in Stage One, the commission must put forward a new name for Stage Two. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council also retains jurisdiction over certain matters. She is among the most well-known judges in the world. Justices recommendations in its report, published in January, included prioritising diversity among the judicial leadership, increasing senior appointments from the more diverse tribunals or district judges and tackling affinity bias. hide caption. The Supreme Court only exceptionally hears criminal appeals from the High Court of Justiciary (the criminal appeals court in Scotland) with respect to devolution issues. Under the proposed legislation, all sitting justices older than 70 would be asked to resign. The Lord Judge[28][29] occasionally sat on cases in the Supreme Court when he was Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, as did Neuberger when he was Master of the Rolls. As a gift to Grant, Congress increased the number of justices from seven back to nine, and Grant gamely used those picks. That decision was examined by the Constitutional Affairs Committee,[76] and the grant of planning permission by Westminster City Council for refurbishment works was challenged in a judicial review by the conservation group Save Britain's Heritage. The current supermajority on the court exists because of major political factors that have favored Republicans in the postwar era and historic circumstances that were windows of opportunity for all six conservatives to be appointed and confirmed. Meanwhile, Volodymyr Zelenskyy has . [22] The composition of panels is ultimately determined by the President. Alex Wong/Getty Images Concern over a lack of diversity within the judiciary, which had long focused on gender imbalance, has more recently began to address the problem of ethnic imbalance. Supreme Court guts affirmative action, effectively ending race-conscious admissions. From 2005 to 2008 she was seconded to the office of counsel to the speaker of the House of Commons. The first group are those judges who currently hold 'office as a senior territorial judge': judges of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, judges of the. The justices had to spend almost the entire year traveling, says Maeva Marcus, a research professor at the George Washington University Law School and director of its Institute for Constitutional History. Franklin Roosevelt: 8. Le Sueur, "From Appellate Committee to Supreme Court: A Narrative", ch. The reason that the first Supreme. As with the former Appellate Committee of the House of Lords, appeals from many fields of law are likely to be selected for hearing, including commercial disputes, family matters, judicial review claims against public authorities and issues under the Human Rights Act 1998. Then-President George W. Bush applauds as Justice Samuel Alito speaks during a ceremonial swearing-in at the White House in February 2006. Only minor controversies had arisen concerning Roberts' career, and he handled questions about his views with aplomb, referring to the court's task as that of an "umpire calling balls and strikes.". [69] She became the first senior British judge to quit Hong Kong's top court after the enactment of the security law. Stephanie Needleman, a senior lawyer at the legal reform organisation Justice, said: As noted in our recent update report on the state of judicial diversity, the progress made in respect of the gender diversity of our judiciary is both small and fragile and, particularly at senior levels, the risk of regression is high. Any attempt to water down the court's powers is likely to face a rocky road. We strive for accuracy and fairness. George W. Bush also came to the presidency initially via the Electoral College after losing the popular vote to Al Gore in 2000. "Ding" Darling. If there was not an egregious issue or personal matter, the vote was often lopsided. For Scottish civil cases decided prior to September 2015, permission to appeal from the Court of Session was not required and any such case can proceed to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom if two advocates certify that an appeal is suitable. Confirming Roberts to the Rehnquist vacancy was one thing, but Alito was taking the place of O'Connor, who had been a vote for moderation on abortion and racial gerrymandering and other issues. Justices, as judges on the supreme court are titled, are appointed by the Queen on the advice of the prime minister following a recommendation from a selection commission on which, as president of the court, Reed would sit. She becomes Lady Rose of Colmworth. Republican presidents have had 15 of them, Democratic presidents just five. Lord Lloyd-Jones first served as a Justice of the Supreme Court between October 2017 and January 2022. ), Constantina P. Tridimas and George Tridimas (April 2020). (modern). Federal Courts b. Appellate c. Confirmation d. Judiciary and more. He led the important Supreme Court ruling that overturned high employment tribunal fees which had led to claims that people were being denied access to justice. A view of the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, D.C., on June 5. In Scotland, the High Court of Justiciary, the Court of Session, and the Office of the Accountant of Court make up the College of Justice, and are known as the Supreme Courts of Scotland. Since then, the Society has grown and prospered in numbers, influence and fundraising prowess. Why Do 9 Justices Serve on the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court takes into account the views of the ECtHR but is entitled to reject its conclusions. VideoThe surprising benefits of breaking up, Presenter photo claims are clear crisis for BBC. The criminal and family barrister tweeted that she was absolutely exhausted after staff at the court repeatedly failed to recognise that she worked in the legal profession last month. [24] Thus, the largest possible panel for a case is 11 justices. She was president of the upper tribunal (tax and chancery chamber) between 2015 and 2018 before being appointed to the court of appeal in January 2019. Once the commission has selected a nomination to make, this is to be provided in a report to the Lord Chancellor,[21] who is then required to consult the judges and politicians already consulted by the commission before deciding whether to recommend (in the Act, "notify") a name to the Prime Minister, who in turn advises the King to make the appointment. In the majority opinion on the affirmative . [50], New judges appointed to the Supreme Court after its creation do not necessarily receive peerages. However, the proportion in more senior posts (high court and above) on 1 April was 26%. Alito's wife, Martha-Ann Bomgardner, began to cry and left the room in tears after Graham sarcastically had asked Alito: "Are you really a closet bigot?" The participation of UK Supreme Court's justices in Hong Kong's judiciary is highly welcomed by the Hong Kong government because it helps bolster the international reputation of the courts in Hong Kong. Following a Royal Warrant dated 10 December 2010,[31] all Justices of the Supreme Court who are not already peers are granted the judicial courtesy title of Lord or Lady followed by a surname, territorial designation or a combination of both, for life. "High judicial office" is defined in section 60 (2) of the CRA 2005 as . In the Supreme Court's 230-year history, four women have served as Supreme Court justices. Last year, Alito wrote the decision in the Dobbs case that overturned Roe. The reason that the first Supreme Court had six justices was simpleso that two of them could preside in each of the three regions. Dwight Eisenhower: 5. The twelve justices do not all hear every case. The Judiciary Act of 1789 established three circuit courts for the new United States, and each circuit would be manned by two Supreme Court judges who would ride the circuit for part of the year, and be based in the then-capital of Philadelphia the rest of the time. [22] More than five justices may sit on a panel where the case is of "high constitutional importance" or "great public importance"; if the case raises "an important point in relation to the European Convention on Human Rights"; if the case involves a conflict of decisions among the House of Lords, Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, or Supreme Court; or if the Court "is being asked to depart, or may decide to depart from" its previous precedent. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. As of 2022 the supplementary panel consists of:[30], As of 1 October 2019, Justices of the Supreme Court, including the Deputy President, were in Group 2 of the judicial salary scheme, with an annual salary of 226,193. She later returned, composed and holding her husband's hand. a. five b. six c. eight d. nine. Ruth Bader Ginsburg. [8] This means it is not necessary for someone applying to become a judge of the Supreme Court to have previous judicial experience (allowing Jonathan Sumption QC, a leading barrister, to successfully apply for the role in 2011). Asked when a justice of black, Asian or minority ethnic background would be appointed, he added: I hope that will be before I retire, which is in six years time.. It comes after Mr Biden's decision to send cluster bombs to Kyiv. The first case heard by the Supreme Court was HM Treasury v Ahmed, which concerned "the separation of powers", according to Phillips, its inaugural President. Such a declaration can apply to primary or secondary legislation. A person is a qualified practitioner if they are an advocate in Scotland or a solicitor entitled to appear in the Court of Session and the High Court of Justiciary; or a member of the Bar of Northern Ireland or a solicitor of the Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland. Lady Justice Rose has joined the supreme court, doubling the number of female justices in the UKs highest court in an appointment that has failed to quell concerns about lack of diversity. Of the original Justices, Lord Saville of Newdigate was the first to retire, on 30 September 2010, and Lord Rodger of Earlsferry was the first to die in office, on 26 June 2011. John Misachi October 20 2017 in Did You Know. Supreme Court of the United Kingdom Coordinates: 513001N 00741W The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom ( initialism: UKSC) is the final court of appeal in the United Kingdom for all civil cases, and for criminal cases originating in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. United States Supreme Court justices are pictured in October 2022: Sonia Sotomayor (front row from left), Clarence Thomas, Chief Justice John Roberts, Samuel Alito, and Associate Justice Elena Kagan; Amy Coney Barrett (back row from left), Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh and Ketanji Brown Jackson. Rising up in the wake of Roe, the group was formally founded in 1982. Its important that people are careful in the language that they use., Parliament surrendered role over Covid emergency laws, says Lady Hale, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, 2023 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. In order of seniority, they are as follows: The UK Supreme Court has since its inception sent some of its justices to sit on Hong Kong's top court, the Court of Final Appeal. [62][63] More specifically, members from both Houses of Parliament across the political spectrum have on various occasions either called for the termination of this practice or questioned the appropriateness of it. The Supreme Court is the highest court of the United Kingdom for civil and criminal matters in the jurisdictions of England and Wales and Northern Ireland. [56] Because of that, they are not "overseas judges" as many mistakenly assume. Among those withholding commitments on Alito was a first-year senator from Illinois who had been a Harvard law student and a law professor at Chicago. Can France prevent tensions igniting again? In so doing, the law also eliminated the. The US president is expected to meet Rishi Sunak to discuss Ukraine's counteroffensive today. Two more new justices are in the wings waiting to be sworn in later in the year as others retire. Mon 19 Apr 2021 08.01 EDT Last modified on Tue 20 Apr 2021 00.08 EDT Lady Justice Rose has joined the supreme court, doubling the number of female justices in the UK's highest court in an. 235 Results Clear Filters Filter G I This entry includes three subfields. They are the ultimate check and balance on the UK's laws and. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Why six? Home. Is the Supreme Court under the control of a European Court? When the selection is first put forward, the Lord Chancellor is entitled to accept the nomination, to reject it, or to ask the commission to reconsider. The combined effect has focused national attention on the court's dramatic swing to the right. An independent selection commission is to be formed when vacancies arise. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. Since six of the nine justices at the time were older than 70, that created the possibility of six new seats on the Supreme Court. By the start of the Civil War, the number of Supreme Court justices had increased to nine in order to cover additional circuit courts in the expanding American West. The last of the original Justices to retire was The Lord Kerr of Tonaghmore on 30 September 2020. Updated on October 02, 2019. The most recent to join the court is Lord Richards of Camberwell, who joined on 3 October 2022 in place of Lady Arden of Heswall. But in the eight presidential elections since then, Republicans have won the popular vote only once. By law, at least one of these must be a non-lawyer. . Lord Kerr, longest serving justice on UK supreme court, dies at 72, Johnson publishes plans to regain power from courts and MPs, UKsupreme court could be left with only one female justice, UKsupreme court should have a BAME justice 'within six years', Supreme court orders libel case retrial over judge's 'barrage of hostility', After 10 years, the supreme court is confident in its role, Lord Reed to be next president of UKs supreme court, Iwant to die with dignity and I will fight for the right at the high court, our recent update report on the state of judicial diversity, Hale was outspoken throughout her career about sexism in the judiciary, Rose has previously named her hero as Anne Jemima Clough, The proportion of female court judges as of 1 April was 32%. asks the commission to reconsider its selection. Resolution of this issue depended upon the approach properly to be adopted by the court in interpreting legislation which may affect fundamental rights at common law or under the European Convention on Human Rights. The turnover of judges on the UK supreme court is faster than in the US where they remain for life; in Britain they have to retire at the age of 70 unless they were first appointed a judge before 1995. ", "Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (c. 4), Part 3, Section 23", "Departments, agencies and public bodies", "Constitutional Reform: A Supreme Court for the United Kingdom", "New Supreme Court opens with media barred", "The Supreme Court is an unnecessary attack on the constitution", "House of Lords Constitutional Reform Bill First Report", "Written Answer of the Ministry of Justice to question posed by Lord Steinberg (Col. WA102)", "REFERENCE by the Lord Advocate of devolution issues under paragraph 34 of Schedule 6 to the Scotland Act 1998", "Independence referendum: Scottish government loses indyref2 court case", "Proceedings for Contempt: Mr Tim Crosland", "Information Pack Vacancy for President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom", The 11 Supreme Court judges who ruled on UK's Brexit appeal, Supreme court to hear claims suspension of parliament is unlawful, "Mark Ormerod to be Supreme Court's Chief Executive The Supreme Court", "Constitutional Reform Act 2005: Section 48", "Scottish Court Service: An Introduction", "A Curious Jurisdiction Section 4 of the Judicial Committee Act 1833", "Lord Neuberger named Master of the Rolls", "New Supreme Court justice Sir John Dyson", "Press release: Courtesy titles for Justices of the Supreme Court", "Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers appointed as senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary", "Vacancy in the supreme court and age could be a deciding factor Joshua Rozenburg", "The Supreme Court Supplementary Panel", "Procedure for Appointing a Justice of The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom", "Supreme Court selection process for President and Justices", "Supreme Court new appointments process", "Courtesy titles for Justices of the Supreme Court", "Swearing-in of The Right Honourable Professor Burrows QC as Justice of the Supreme Court", "Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal The Non-Permanent Judges", "Sino-British Joint Declaration Six-Monthly Report to Parliament (JulDec 1997)", "Oaths and Declarations Ordinance (Cap.

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