was ionia a greek city state

The Ionians thus prepared to defend themselves, and Cyrus sent the Median general Harpagus to conquer Ionia. [64] However, having just got rid of one tyrant, the Milesians were in no mood to receive Histiaeus back. The Lydians were now free to turn on Miletus, which they did for the next 11 years, reducing it. Alexandria of the Troad, Sigia, Antigonia Troas, Amisus, Eis Amison, Samsunta, Samsus, Samson, Samsounta, Antiochia on the Maeander, Antiochia ad Mandrum, Pythopolis, Antiochia ad Orontem, Great Antioch, Syrian Antioch, Antiochia in Pisidia, Pisidian Antioch (Greek: ), Antiochia Caesareia, Antiochia Caesaria, Antiochia in Phrygia, Apameia (), Afamia ( or ). [4] As Holland has it: "For the first time, a chronicler set himself to trace the origins of a conflict not to a past so remote so as to be utterly fabulous, nor to the whims and wishes of some god, nor to a people's claim to manifest destiny, but rather explanations he could verify personally. However, he then received the news that the Persian fleet was setting out from Miletus to attack the rest of Ionia, so he quickly returned to Lesbos. [7] The first Ottoman tax registers for the city dates to 1564, and records 50 Muslim households and 1,250 Christian ones; another register from 15 years later mentions Jews as well. According to Bunsen, the discovery and translation of the Armenian version of Eusebius Chronicon changed the nature of the search for thalassocracy. Adventure and piracy not being activities approved by the Spartan people, they tagged him as insane and insisted he come home. [90] A second expedition was launched in 490 BC under Datis and Artaphernes, son of the satrap Artaphernes. [73], With the defeat of the Ionian fleet, the revolt was effectively over. In 499 the Milesian tyrant Aristagoras arrived in Athens and Sparta (and perhaps at other places too, such as Argos) asking for help. Manville fills in the uncertainties with hypothetical motives. [58] The disaster at Pedasus seems to have created a stalemate in the land campaign, and there was apparently little further campaigning in 496 BC and 495 BC. It was built on the foundations of the previous Orthodox cathedral which was destroyed in the fires of 1820. Moreover, seeing that the myriad city states of Greece posed a continued threat to the stability of his Empire, according to Herodotus, Darius decided to conquer the whole of Greece. [85] There are two citadels in the castle. Nea Ionia is the seat of the clubs O.F. The mission was a debacle, and sensing his imminent removal as tyrant, Aristagoras chose to incite the whole of Ionia into rebellion against the Persian king Darius the Great. [58] A monument dedicated to the thousands of Greek Jews who perished during the Holocaust was constructed in the city in a 13th-century Jewish cemetery. Durazzo, Germanicopolis (), Germanopolis (), Changra, Kandari, Kanghari, Gtheion (), Gythio, Githio, Yithion, Halikarnasss, Alikarnasss (), Halikarnas, Petronium (), Heloros, Helorum, Elorus, , , Eloro, Heraclea Thraciae, Heraclea (), Heraclea, Hrakleia Minia, Rhachlts, Heracliensis, Iassus (Io, Io), Askem, Asn Kalessi, Casmenae, Casmene, Kasmenai, Kasmene, (, Katn (), Catna, Catna, Balad-al-Fil, Medinat-al-Fil, Wadi Musa, Qataniyah, Eupatoria (, ), Kezlev, Kerkinitis, Gzleve, Cius-Kios (K, K), Keios, Prusa, Prusias, Prusias ad Mare, Zetounion (), Zitouni (), Zirtounion, Zitonion, Girton, El Cito, Lampsakos (), Pityusa, Pityussa, Pituousa (), Pituoussa (), Laodicea ad Mare, Latakiyah, Al-Ladhiqiyah, Laodikeia, Laodiceia, Lazkiye, Laodicea ad Mare, Diospolis, Rhoas, Claudiolaodicea, Laodicea ad Lycum, Laodiceia, Laodikeia, Laodicea in Persis, Antiochia Nahavand, Nahvand (), Nahavend, Nahawand, Nehavand, Nihavand, Nehavend, Mah-Nahavand, Laodicea (), Ladhiqiyya, Laodiceia, Laodikeia, Laodicea in Media, Antiochia in Persis, Antiochia of Chosroes ( ), Antiochia in Media ( ), Nemavand, Niphaunda, Laodicea Catacecaumene, Laodiceia, Laodikeia, Laodikeia Katakekaumen, Claudiolaodicea, Laodiceia, Laodikeia, Cabrosa, Scabrosa, Cabiosa Laodiceia, Lintini, Leontinoi, Leontini and Leontium, Marathnas (), Marathn (), Menebria, Mesimvria (), Mesimvria, Murgantia, Morgantium, , , Murgentia, Morgentia, Nafpio, Nauplia, Navplion, Naupli, Nauplia, Nfplion, Anplion, Anplia, Napoli di Romania, Mora Yeniehir, Anabol, Yeni ehir, Nfplion, Nafpaktos (, ), Naupactos, nebaht, Lepanto, Polyhrono, Polichrono, Polihrono (), Polyhronon, Polihronon, Ancore, Helicore, Antigoneia (), Nikaia, Nica, Olymp'a (), Olmpia (), Olimpia, Olimbia, Plateia, Pactia, Demetrias, Strongyli, Hyria, Hyleessa, Minoa, Cabarnis, Pulpudeva(reconstructed Thracian,uncertain), Eumolpias, Philippoupoli, Philippoupolis (, ), Trimontium, Paldin (). c. Salamis. Elisaf won 50.3 percent of the vote. [24], In the spring of 499 BC, Artaphernes readied the Persian force, and placed his cousin Megabates in command. Darius assented to this, and a force of 200 triremes was assembled in order to attack Naxos the following year. He had persuaded Darius to let him travel to Ionia by promising to make the Ionians end their revolt. [9] Nevertheless, there are still many historians who believe Herodotus' account has an anti-Persian bias and that much of his story was embellished for dramatic effect. [96] [21] Aristagoras's uncle Histiaeus had accompanied Darius on campaign in 513 BC, and when offered a reward, had asked for part of the conquered Thracian territory. By analogy some cities are included that never spoke Greek and were not Hellenic, but contributed to Hellenic culture later found in the region. [47] Furthermore, he re-surveyed the land of each city, and set their tribute level in proportion to its size. The city is also characterized by various green areas and parks, including Molos (Lake Front), Litharitsia Park, Pirsinella Park (Giannotiko Saloni), Suburban Forest. [56][57] The Kehila Kedosha Yashan Synagogue remains locked, only opened for visitors on request. One of the most notable attractions of Ioannina is the inhabited island of Lake Pamvotis which is simply referred to as Island of Ioannina. According to another theory, the city was named after Ioannina, the daughter of Belisarius, general of the emperor Justinian.[8][9]. The main players are portrayed by Herodotus as naturally hypocritical. Updated: 12/28/2022 Ionia in Ancient Greece Ionia was a region of ancient Greece located on the western shores of what is today Turkey. Of these, 1,870 were deported by the Nazis to concentration camps on 25 March 1944, during the final months of German occupation. The Kaplaneios was burned down along with most of the rest of the city after the entry of the Sultan's armies in 1820. He discovers some gaps. Rowing is also very popular in Ioannina; the lake hosted several international events and serves as the venue for part of the annual Greek Rowing Championships. [11] These cities (part of the Ionian League) were Miletus, Myus and Priene in Caria; Ephesus, Colophon, Lebedos, Teos, Clazomenae, Phocaea and Erythrae in Lydia; and the islands of Samos and Chios. Ioannina surrendered to the Ottomans in 1430 and until 1868 it was the administrative center of the Pashalik of Yanina. [101] In Eusebius, the list is a separate chronology. The Mosque and Madrassa of Veli Pasha are in the centre of the city,[88] and Kaloutsiani Mosque can be found in the area of the city with the same name. The adventurous young king, Cleomenes I, was spared the trouble of killing Polycrates, but led an expedition to Samos anyway, taking the thalassocracy for two years, 517-515. The new settlement originally named Nea Pisidia. It provided the original document, but there was a disclaimer attached, that it was in fact an extract from the epitome of Diodorus, meaning Diodorus Siculus, a 1st-century BC historian. [2], Hearing of the approach of this force, the Ionians met at the Panionium, and decided not to attempt to fight on land, leaving the Milesians to defend their walls. The order of thalassocracies in the various versions of the list is nearly fixed, but the dates need considerable adjustment, which Myres sets about to reconcile through all historical sources available to him. [26] The Persians laid siege to the Naxians for four months, but eventually they and Aristagoras both ran out of money. It became part of the Despotate of Epirus following the Fourth Crusade and many wealthy Byzantine families fled there following the sack of Constantinople, with the city experiencing great prosperity and considerable autonomy, despite the political turmoils. [76] The captive Milesians were brought before Darius in Susa, who settled them at "Amp"[77] on the coast of the Persian Gulf, near the mouth of the Tigris. In 1869, a great part of Ioannina was destroyed by fire. Emigrant Romaniotes return every summer and open the old synagogue. [13][14] The cities of Ionia had remained independent until they were conquered by the famous Lydian king Croesus, in around 560 BC. Pericles; Sparta's role; Continuing strife; Mytilene and Plataea; Speculation and unease; The years 425-421 . Each has a personal motive related to greed, ambition, or fear. Aristagoras fell out with Megabates on the journey towards Naxos, and Herodotus says that Megabates then sent messengers to Naxos, warning the Naxians of the force's intention. Note that there were a great many Greek cities in the ancient world. Furthermore, despite the possibility of recruiting heavy infantry from their domains, the Persians began the second invasion of Greece without doing so, and again encountered major problems in the face of Greek armies. [13] After the Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria, in 1020 Emperor Basil II subordinated the local bishopric to the Archbishopric of Ohrid. It's an inspiration for many of old as well as new supporters of the whole region of Epirus, even outside Ioannina. This includes about 500 works, paintings, drawings, prints, pictures and sculptures. The Persians spent 493 BC reducing the cities along the west coast that still held out against them, before finally imposing a peace settlement on Ionia which was generally considered to be both just and fair. [20], About 40 years after the Persian conquest of Ionia, and in the reign of the fourth Persian king, Darius the Great, the stand-in Milesian tyrant Aristagoras found himself in this familiar predicament. Several religious and secular monuments survive from the Ottoman period. [72] The Chians fought valiantly, at one point breaking the Persian line and capturing many ships, but sustaining many losses of their own; eventually the remaining Chian ships sailed away, thereby ending the battle. "[63] Histiaeus fled that night to Chios and eventually made his way back to Miletus. In 478 BCE, barely a year after the end of the Persian Wars, a group of Greek city-states, mainly those located in Ionia and on the island between mainland Greece and Ionia, founded the Delian League, with the aim of continuing to protect the Greeks in Ionia from Persian attacks. ), the monk Methodios Anthrakites, his student Ioannis Vilaras and Kosmas Balanos. However, as the two sides neared each other, the Samians sailed away back to Samos, as they had agreed with the Persians. Eretria is an ancient Greek city state located in the southern part of Euboea, a Greek island facing the coast of Attica. Elsewhere in the empire, Cyrus was able to identify elite native groups to help him rule his new subjects such as the priesthood of Judea. Some of the most important museums of the city are within the walls of the castle. It is located within the Ioannina municipality, and is the capital of Ioannina regional unit and the region of Epirus. [21] Taking over from Histiaeus, Aristagoras was faced with bubbling discontent in Miletus. Crippled by the two defeats at sea, the Chians then acquiesced to Histiaeus's leadership. The Greco-Persian Wars had their roots in the conquest of the Greek cities of Asia Minor, and particularly Ionia, by the Achaemenid Persian Empire of Cyrus the Great shortly after 550 BC. This battle had started a stalemate for the rest of 496 BC and 495 BC. Ionia was conquered by the Achaemenids during the 6th century and became one of the empire's satrapies . [86], Once the inevitable punishment of the rebels had occurred, the Persians were in the mood for conciliation. [14][16] In a chrysobull to the Venetians in 1198, the city is listed as part of its own province (provincia Joanninorum or Joaninon). J D Manville characterises his approach as the attribution of personal motivation to players such as Aristagoras and Histiaeus. Miletus was then besieged, captured, and its population was brought under Persian rule. How did Athens become so powerful? In the past there are also the important clubs PAO Saframpolis, PAO Kalogrezas and Ikaroi Neas Ionias which are inactive today. d. Sparta. b. Ionia. Despite the extensive destruction suffered in Molossia during the Roman conquest of 167 BC, settlement continued in the basin albeit no longer in an urban pattern. Myres was using sea-power in a specifically British sense for the times. Nea Ionia is 7km northeast of Athens city centre. Miletus was closely invested, the Persians "mining the walls and using every device against it, until they utterly captured it". The early Aeolian Greek settlers of Lesbos and Cyme, expanding eastwards, occupied the valley of Smyrna. [7], In 1611 the city suffered a serious setback as a result of a peasant revolt led by Dionysius the Philosopher, the Metropolitan of Larissa. [37] The Maroutses family, also active in Venice, founded the Maroutsaia School, which opened in 1742 and its first director Eugenios Voulgaris championed the study of the physical sciences (physics and chemistry) as well as philosophy and Greek. After the second Persian invasion of Greece was halted, Sparta withdrew from the Delian League and reformed the Peloponnesian League with its original allies. The cities of Ionia had been conquered by Persia around 540 BC, and thereafter were ruled by native tyrants, nominated by the Persian satrap in Sardis. The refugees carried their expertise in Athens and opened important carpet handicrafts. Adjectival and demonymic forms of regions in Greco-Roman antiquity, Seleucia in Pieria, Ancient Warfare Magazine, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_ancient_Greek_cities&oldid=1153476259, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0. Rather it was designed to make the Milesians enthusiastically join the rebellion. [27][28] In 136667 Simeon Uro, having recovered Epirus and Thessaly, appointed his son-in-law Thomas II Preljubovi as the new overlord of Ioannina. After 650 BC, Smyrna, an originally Aeolic city bordering the Ionians, was invited to diminish Aeolis and increase Ionia by joining the league, which it did. [45] However, the Ionians remained committed to their rebellion and the Persians did not seem to follow up their victory at Ephesus. [24] In the Epirote revolt of 13371338 against Byzantine rule, the city remained loyal to Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos. The fort was constructed in the early 7th century BC. [2] Others have suggested that finding himself at the centre of an internal conflict in Miletus, he chose to go into exile rather than exacerbate the situation. [47], Hymaees went to the Propontis and took the city of Cius. The first bank of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Bank, opened its first branch in Greece[clarification needed] in Ioannina, which shows the power of the city in world trade in the 19th century. [60] Herodotus, who evidently has a rather negative view of him, suggests that Aristagoras simply lost his nerve and fled. The Persian actions that Herodotus described at the Hellespont and in Caria seem to be in the same year, and most commentators place them in 497 BC. [45] Furthermore, seeing the spread of the rebellion, the kingdoms of Cyprus also revolted against Persian rule without any outside persuasion. Ancient Greek political confederation of city-states in western Asia Minor, "Recent Finds in Archaeology: Panionion Sanctuary Discovered in Southwest Turkey", Online version at the Perseus Digital Library, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ionian_League&oldid=1163896953, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 7 July 2023, at 00:50. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Plavdiv (), Filibe. After this victory they divided the cities among themselves and sacked them. However, despite Aristagoras's entreaties, the Spartan king Cleomenes I turned down the offer to lead the Greeks against the Persians. [110] The sea was now available to Naxos, 515-505. [11] The Ionians had settled along the coasts of Lydia and Caria, founding the twelve cities which made up Ionia. [94] The Byzantine Museum is in the south-eastern citadel of the castle. So they followed their tracks back towards Ephesus. In 499 BCE, the Greek city-states in Ioniathe western region of modern-day Turkey, represented by the red dots on the coast near Sardes on the above maprebelled against Achaemenid rule. [2] While Greek states had in the past often been ruled by tyrants, this was a form of government on the decline. [38], In the spring of 498BC, an Athenian force of twenty triremes, accompanied by five from Eretria, set sail for Ionia. [33] The Greeks caught the Persians unaware, and were able to capture the lower city. Thus the Epiphaniou School was founded in 1647 by a Greek merchant of Ioannite origin resident in Venice, Epiphaneios Igoumenos. [29] If the latter is true, it may explain the length of time it took for the Persians to launch a naval assault on Ionia, since they would have needed to build a new fleet. [64], By the sixth year of the revolt (494 BC), the Persian forces had regrouped. Men constitute 48.9% and women 51.1% of the total population.[70]. [88] Darius actively encouraged the Persian nobility of the area to participate in Greek religious practices, especially those dealing with Apollo. [20] The tyrants themselves faced a difficult task; they had to deflect the worst of their fellow citizens' hatred, while staying in the favour of the Persians. [35] These were significant historical, theological as well as scientific works, including an algebra book funded by the Zosimades brothers, books for use in the schools of Ioannina such as the Arithmetica of Balanos Vasilopoulos, as well as medical books. [74] Archaeological evidence partially substantiates this, showing widespread signs of destruction, and abandonment of much of the city in the aftermath of Lade. ., " " from the archives of the Zosimaia. Also excluded from the list are larger units, such as kingdoms or empires. However, Manville sees a coup by Aristagoras, presuming not only that the Great King's advisor did not advise, but was kept in the dark about his own supersession. The museum opened in 1995 in order to preserve and present artefacts of the wider region of Epirus covering the period from the 4th to the 19th century. The earliest union of city-states in the area was the Ionian League. There are two hospitals, the General Hospital of Ioannina "G. Hatzikosta", and the University Hospital of Ioannina. After 585 BC there is a gap in the list. [48] He next says that, Daurises, Hymaees, and Otanes, all of them Persian generals and married to daughters of Darius, pursued those Ionians who had marched to Sardis, and drove them to their ships. [88] He summoned representatives from each Ionian city to Sardis, and told them that henceforth, rather than continually quarrelling and fighting between themselves, disputes would be resolved by arbitration, seemingly by a panel of judges. [36] Since they were already an enemy of Persia, Athens was already in a position to support the Ionian cities in their revolt. ), Media related to Ionian league at Wikimedia Commons. [40] Declining to personally lead the force, Aristagoras appointed his brother Charopinus and another Milesian, Hermophantus, as generals. The Ionians opted to fight at sea and defeated the Phoenicians. Throughout classical antiquity, Smyrna was a leading city-state of Ionia, with influence over the shores and islands of the Aegean. [34] Its inhabitants continued their commercial and handicraft activities which allowed them to trade with important European commercial centers, such as Venice and Livorno, where merchants from Ioannina established commercial and banking houses. Certainly, the Athenians, and Greeks in general, seem to have been impressed by the power of Persian cavalry, with the Greek armies displaying considerable caution during the following campaigns when confronted by the Persian cavalry. [7] While a number of Turkish-language schools were established at the time, Greek-language education retained its prominent position. . It was bounded by the regions of Aeolis on the north and Caria on the south and included the adjacent islands. Since these regions were now Persian territory again, it made no sense to harm their economies further or to drive the people to further rebellions. Ioannina is home to a major sports team called PAS Giannina. He then settled down to besiege Amathus. Its name means "the Old Synagogue". [2] It is served by three Line 1 metro stations: Nea Ionia, Pefkakia and Perissos. The demotic form also corresponds to those in the neighboring languages (e.g., Albanian: Janina or Janin, Aromanian: Ianina, Enina or Enna, Macedonian: , Turkish: Yanya). The Americans had their own idea of sea power, expressed in Alfred Thayer Mahans great strategic work, The Influence of Sea Power upon History. The university was founded in 1964, as a charter of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and became an independent university in 1970. The municipality has an area of 4.421km2. Breaking out of its Anatolian cage, it founded Marseilles and cities in Spain and Italy, wresting a domain away from Carthage and all other opponents. Instead, they opted to gather every ship they could and make for the island of Lade, off the coast of Miletus, in order to "fight for Miletus at sea". [50] A Persian army eventually arrived in Cyprus, supported by a Phoenician fleet. Manville leaves us to guess why the king did not just crush the revolt by returning the supposedly loyal Histiaeus to power. [94], Militarily, it is difficult to draw too many conclusions from the Ionian Revolt, save for what the Greeks and Persians may (or may not) have learnt about each other. Some of his trireme captains, learning of a devious plot by him to have them assassinated by Egyptian dignitaries while on official business, sailed to Sparta to beg help, which they received. At the south-eastern edge of the town on a rocky peninsula of Lake Pamvotis, the castle was the administrative heart of the Despotate of Epirus, and the Ottoman vilayet. [7] The efforts of Ali Pasha to break away from the Sublime Porte alarmed the Ottoman government, and in 1820 (the year before the Greek War of Independence began) he was declared guilty of treason and Ioannina was besieged by Turkish troops. [34], Athens had recently become a democracy, overthrowing its own tyrant Hippias. The thalattokratizer holds the imperium over the watery domain just as if it were a country, which explains how such a people can obtain and have the sea. [5][6] Nevertheless, Thucydides chose to begin his history where Herodotus left off (at the siege of Sestos), and therefore presumably felt that Herodotus's history was accurate enough not to need re-writing or correcting. The desirability of these material objects was certainly economic, although considerations of defence and ideology may well have played a part. [67] This approach was initially unsuccessful,[68] but in the week-long delay before the battle, divisions arose in the Ionian camp. The city's emblem consists of the portrait of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian crowned by a stylized depiction of the nearby ancient theater of Dodona. [102] The items contain the words obtinuerunt mare, strictly speaking, obtained the sea, and not hold sea power, although the latter meaning may be implied as a result. There were no prospects. Ionia was a territory in western Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) populated by the Ionians (Greeks who spoke the Ionian dialect) in c. 1150 BCE. The word for deputy is epitropos, which he was when the Naxian deputation arrived. A small Muslim community of Albanian origin continued to live in Ioannina after the exchange, which in 1940 counted 20 families and had decreased to 8 individuals in 1973.[49]. The polis continued to provide a foundation for Greek culture until the death of Alexander the Great. This is an incomplete list of ancient Greek cities, including colonies outside Greece. right Advertisement [2] In a few years, the cities had more-or-less returned to normal and they were able to equip a large fleet for the second Persian invasion of Greece, just 13 years later. It is a wax museum which covers events and personalities from Greek history as well as the history of the region and is the result of the personal work of Pavlos Vrellis.

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