landslide events in the united states

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Landslides across the USA: occurrence, susceptibility, and data limitations, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01424-4, https://www.usgs.gov/maps/national-landslides-map-and-data, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-009-0177-0, https://doi.org/10.1080/04353676.1980.11879996, https://kgs.uky.edu/kgsweb/olops/pub/kgs/IC31_12.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.03.022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2161-2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.02.001, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102973, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-017-0902-z, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.020, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.238.4829.921, https://doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017AM-304216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.03.016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-0995-z, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.11.022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-015-0622-1, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-0962-8, https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1183/pp1183.html, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.03.001, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.07.039, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-016-0739-x, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.09.019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2757-y, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01405-7, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01160-4, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.14.2.133, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Landslide inventories are typically collected and maintained by different agencies and institutions, usually within specific jurisdictional boundaries, and often with varied objectives and information attributes or even in disparate formats. 2017; Napolitano et al. Debris flows extended >40km (25mi). Two years later in March 2015, US 89 was returned to service - at a cost approaching $50+ million. 2020). Population centers, roads, and infrastructure tend to be less concentrated in the areas that are the most susceptible to landsliding (or more concentrated in areas that are less susceptible); at the same time, landslides tend to be reported and recorded more frequently when human activities are impacted. Furthermore, it has long been recognized that detailed landslide inventories can improve hazard assessments used to inform development planning and emergency management (e.g., Nilsen et al. 1a), b USGS topographic susceptibility model (Fig. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01160-4, Wieczorek GF, Leahy PP (2008) Landslide hazard mitigation in North America. DALLAS(SMU) SMU geophysicists have used satellite imagery to identifymore than 600 slow-moving landslides occurring near the U.S. West Coast. These are just a few very broad examples that illustrate where further landslide mapping is likely needed. Landslide causes include earthquakes, reservoir draw-downs, and heavy precipitation. New landslides on US West Coast detected by SMU scientists However, despite the disparate data inputs, our interpretation of Figs. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001321, Bessette-Kirton EK, Cerovski-Darriau C, Schulz WH, Coe JA, Kean JW, Godt JW, Thomas MA, Hughes SK (2019) Landslides triggered by Hurricane Maria: an assessment of an extreme event in Puerto Rico. https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1396/. The gravitational pull that facilitates a collective movement of soil, rock, and debris down a steep slope is called a landslide. 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192. (2019) and online at: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9E2A37P. Essentially, any movement of the ground surface toward or away from the satellite can be measured and depicted as a picture. This picture shows how much the surface has moved or deformed during the time between images. Tsunamis can be generated on impact as a rapidly moving landslide mass enters the Wildland fires are inevitable in the western United States. 2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1417, Warrick JA, Ritchie AC, Schmidt KM, Reid ME, Logan J (2019) Characterizing the catastrophic 2017 Mud Creek landslide, California, using repeat structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry. 2019; Bessette-Kirton et al. 3b). Latest Earthquakes | Live WebChatShare Social Media. Detailed on-site investigation is required to determine the importance of human An average of 25-50 people are killed by landslides each year in the United States. "Photos and text from a visit to the Shiaolin landslide in Taiwan", "Up to 600 dead in mudslide-devastated village in Taiwan", "The Landslide at Attabad in Hunza, Gilgit/Baltistan: Current situation and hazard management needs", "Madeira: Nmero de mortos aumentou para 42", "Family of 4 found dead in Quebec landslide", "Passenger train derails in east China, at least 10 dead, 55 injured", "The 6 August 2010 Mount Meager rock slide-debris flow, Coast Mountains, British Columbia: characteristics, dynamics, and implications for hazard and risk assessment", Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, "Large landslide in Gansu Zhouqu August 7", "Another large landslide closes highway near Cedar City, Utah", "An update on the Bingham Canyon mine landslide", "Analysing the Bingham Canyon mine landslide part 1: the landslide source area", "Was the Bingham Canyon landslide the largest historic non-volcanic landslip in North America? Read Article link November 10, 2022 The Monitor Newsletter - Vol. Yet, landslides can be hard to spot before they become a danger, when heavy rainfall suddenly causes the land to shift quickly. The National Academies Press, Washington. Lyndon B. Johnson defeated Republican Barry Goldwater in one of the largest landslides in U.S. history. 3 and 4) are also apparent within the three broad regions that display the highest concentration of mapped landslides (Fig. Using decision-tree scripts, we automatically assigned confidence level for each individual landslide, based on logical rules related to how the data were collected (see metadata for our inventory compilation in Jones et al. Two notable events include a large, deep-seated landslide near Oso, WA, in March 2014, which resulted in 43 fatalities (Iverson et al. J Geophys Res Earth Surf 115:F03013. The 25 most catastrophic landslides of the 20 th century, in Chacon, Irigaray and Fernandez (eds. 2013) and the fatal landslide near Oso occurred in particularly landslide-prone glacial outwash deposits that are common throughout western Washington (Iverson et al. The next time you find yourself at the bottom of a cliff, make sure to look up. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Similarly, estimates of the direct costs to repair roads and private residences damaged by landslides for the state of Kentucky are approximately $1020M US dollars annually (Crawford 2014). Note: MCM = million cubic metres; km3 = cubic kilometre(s), Note: km3 = cubic kilometre(s); MCM = million cubic metres, Note: m3 = cubic metre(s); MCM = million cubic metres, Schuster, R.L. This work was supported in part by the United States Geological Surveys Landslide Hazards Program and the Community for Data Integration. Landslides | NSTA https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.07.039, Samia J, Temme A, Bregt A, Wallinga J, Guzzetti F, Ardizzone F, Rossi M (2017) Do landslides follow landslides? Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Although the new USGS database does include some landslides in Hawaii, Alaska, and Puerto Rico, those states and territory are not represented in two of these three maps, thus for simplicity, we only consider the conterminous USA for the present study. Thus, compiling landslide inventories over broad regions or even entire continentssuch as the European inventory initiative (Herrera et al. Google Scholar, Baum RL, Godt JW (2010) Early warning of rainfall-induced shallow landslides and debris flows in the USA. Possibly the largest historic, non-volcanic, terrestrial landslide in North America. This highlights the substantial and potentially catastrophic errors that can result from not only ignoring topography but also by mis-interpreting the hazards posed by certain landslide-prone geologic units. 3 and 4 indicates that more work is needed both to improve all these existing susceptibility models and to compile a complete and more comprehensive landslide inventory database. 3. This list is very incomplete as there is no central catalogue for landslides, although some for individual countries/areas do exist. Co-author Lu, Shuler-Foscue Chair at SMUsRoy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, said, We dont want to give the impression that these landslides are in trouble tomorrow. The complete database and description of our confidence classification can be accessed via the USGS ScienceBase data release (Jones et al. How big will, Prehistoric, giant landslides in Montgomery and Craig Counties, Va., in the Blacksburg/Wythe Ranger Districts of the Jefferson National Forest, are the largest known landslides in eastern North America and are among the largest in the world. On This Page Health threats from landslides and debris flows In the United States, landslides and debris flows result in 25 to 50 deaths each year. 2016). Furthermore, we identified the need to develop consistent criteria to characterize the variability in confidence between different sources and types of landslide information. Landslide mapping and classification are typically addressed at local scales or during post-event response efforts, often with very different objectives and resources allocated. 2 metres (6.6ft) wide in 1983, a 500-metre (1,640ft)-long crack in the slope of the mountain, The Vr rock slope deformation in the valley, This page was last edited on 8 July 2023, at 12:53. Costly Landslide Events in the United States. USGS scientists analyzing before-and-after air photos have calculated the size of the May 20 landslide on Californias Big Sur coast, about 140 miles Two snapshots from Landsat show the extent of a landslide in an Alaska National Park. The Deadliest Landslides in Recorded History - WorldAtlas In: De Graff JV, Shakur A (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd North American Symposium on Landslides: Association of Environmental & Engineering Geologists (AEG), Special Publication 27, ISBN: 97809897253-7-8, p. 359370. A storm that has broken records for its longevity now 35 days swept inland from the southeastern coast of Africa and is causing massive flooding and displacement. After digitization of the original USGS landslide overview map (Godt and Radbruch-Hall 1997), it was noted that debris flow hazards in the arid Southwest were not considered in the susceptibility and incidence classifications, which prompted the compilation of limited inventory of debris flows in combination with a national map of slope angles greater than 25 degrees (Brabb et al. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 7:637650. Initial calculations were based in part on landslide-related losses to private dwellings in southern California, which were subsequently extrapolated across the country (Krohn and Slosson 1976), resulting in projected private losses of approximately $400M in 1971 US dollars, or $2.5B in 2019 US dollars (based on www.usinflationcalculator.com). Calif Geol 29(10):224231, Leshchinsky B, Olsen MJ, Mohney C, Glover-Cutter K, Crook G, Allan J, Bunn M, OBanion M, Mathews N (2017) Mitigating coastal landslide damage. Additionally, the USGS is regularly tasked with mapping landsliding events that are of national significance, including the most widespread, damaging, and deadly instances (e.g., Baum et al. Lahars caused 5,110 deaths, and destroyed or damaged 104 villages. J Environ Manag 207:203218. The USGS uses cutting edge technologies to investigate and forecast landslides and other natural hazards. United States presidential election of 1964, American presidential election held on November 3, 1964, in which Democratic Pres. Atlantic Ocean Tsunamis: Rare but Possible A tsunami in the Atlantic Ocean is a rare event. In contrast, many regions with higher concentration of mapped landslides include low-confidence geologic mapping of Quaternary landslide deposits, such as large portions of western Colorado. For example, numerous rockfalls have been documented in the intrusive igneous rocks of the Sierra Nevada in eastern California (e.g., Stock et al. Our semi-quantitative confidence metric and comparisons to previous national-scale susceptibility maps (Figs. People in Landslides can and do occur in every state and territory of the U.S.; however, the type, severity, and frequency of landslide activity varies from place to place, depending on the terrain, geology, and climate. 5a), a high concentration of landslides abruptly stops at topographic quadrangle boundaries. 2012; Stanley and Kirschbaum 2017). 2014; Collins et al. 2010), and the spatial extent of landslide deposits are needed to test simulations of runout behavior (e.g., Iverson et al. The general qualitative and quantitative inferences of variability and incompleteness that we observe at the national scale (Figs. United States presidential election of 1936 - Encyclopedia Britannica Part of the reason for this low incidence of tsunamis is the lack of subduction zones - the most common source of tsunami-causing earthquakes. Landslide Hazards - News | U.S. Geological Survey 2018; Piacentini et al. This geodatabase can be downloaded in its entirety or viewed through an online, searchable map, with parsimonious attributes and direct links to the contributing sources with additional details. The April 1983 landslide at Thistle, Utah, created a 200-ft-high (60-m-high) blockage of Spanish Fork canyon that caused disastrous flooding of the Thistle creek and Soldier Creek valleys upstream. Geomorphology 273:396411. 2014 Oso mudslide - Wikipedia 2019) even though landslide age is often unknown or only known very roughly (e.g., post-glacial landslide, Quaternary landslide deposit). Triggered by torrential rain. Triggered by M 7.4 earthquake. In: Baum RL, Godt JW, Highland LM (eds) Landslides and Engineering Geology of the Seattle, Washington, Area. The team focused on finding large, slow-moving landslidesbecause these had the most potential to cause significant damage. The most severe landslide in the modern history of Sweden, triggered by heavy rain, Heavy rain triggered a landslide on an unstable slope, made worse by sand quarrying at the base of the slope, destroying 69 houses, The largest landslide in recorded history. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The. 3a), b USGS topographic susceptibility model (Godt et al., 2012; Fig. However, neither susceptibility map accounts for the temporal component of landslide occurrence, and our database includes both pre-historical and recent landslides, without consideration for landslide frequency. Can major landslides and debris flows happen in all areas of the U.S FEMA 182/August 198&9 A % A ~ 1976, 1982; Godt and Radbruch-Hall 1997), (2) the USGS topographic susceptibility model (Godt et al. Identify areas where additional landslide mapping may be needed. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. 2018). 2017). Similarly, researchers can easily select the events with precise timing information needed to develop and evaluate thresholds for landslide warning systems. Category:Landslides in the United States - Wikipedia Reduced the height of New Zealand's highest mountain by approximately 10 metres. With fatalities The March 2014 landslide in Oso, Washington, a month ago today, called attention to the lack of a national system to monitor landslide data. Landslides in the United States occur in all 50 States. Given that other applications such as infrastructure and development planning benefit from the additional information provided by multiple different levels of landslide susceptibility, the earlier landslide overview map (Radbruch-Hall et al. Those are very rapid-moving landslides.. Therefore, reports of landslide occurrence tend to be more common in lower to moderate susceptibility zones. A debris flow in the Valley of Alma-Atinka River destroyed the town of Alma-Ata. Worst landslides in Bangladesh's history. Finally, it is our intention that the openly accessible format will continue to motivate ongoing contributions to further improve landslide characterization and awareness across the country. 1b) indicates two susceptibility classes: negligible hazard from landslides (NONE) and some hazard from landslides (SOME). Furthermore, considerable areas that were also classified as either HIGH or HIGH-MOD in the landslide overview map or as VH or H in the NASA model do not include any mapped landslides (Fig. Such events can cause . These situations clearly indicate that further mapping is needed to perform consistent analyses. Of course, topography and geology are not completely independent, particularly when viewed at such coarse resolutions. The primary objective of the National Landslide Hazards Program is to reduce long-term losses from landslide hazards by improving our understanding of the causes of ground failure and suggesting mitigation strategies. glacier created massive tsunami, destroyed salmon habitat: study | Globalnews.ca", "Sju personer bekreftet omkommet etter skredet i Gjerdrum", https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/nAGGea/skredomraadet-beskrevet-som-hoeyrisiko-i-rapport-fra-2005, "Death toll in Brazil's Petropolis mudslides, floods hits 176; more than 110 missing", "Manipur landslide toll mounts to 52 as 2 more bodies found", "Over 100 homes buried, but rescuers fail to find bodies", "Paeng death toll climbs to 155 NDRRMC", "Emergency declared after deadly landslide on Italian island of Ischia", "Ischia landslide: Body of young girl pulled from mud as rescue effort continues", "Landslide on Italian Island Sweeps Away Homes and Turns Roads Into Rivers of Mud", "Another body found: Batang Kali landslide claims 26th victim", "Barry Arm Landslide Interagency Information Statement", "Detection and Assessment of a Large and Potentially Tsunamigenic Periglacial Landslide in Barry Arm, Alaska", "Modern Farming Kick-Starts Large Landslides in Peruvian Deserts", Hole, Christer, "The kerneset Rock Avalanche," fjords.com Retrieved 23 June 2020, Petley, Dave, "The Vr rock slope deformation in northern Norway," agu.org, 12 May 2020 Retrieved 28 June 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_landslides&oldid=1164240840, The landslide comprises the entirety of East Traverse Mountain, The landslide occurred along the western shore of the lake, forming McKinney Bay and generating. One of the earliest assessments of landslide hazards across the contiguous USA was the USGS landslide overview map (Radbruch-Hall et al. Eng Geol. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Kentucky Geological Survey information circular 31, Series XII, ISSN 0075-5583, 18 p. https://kgs.uky.edu/kgsweb/olops/pub/kgs/IC31_12.pdf. Petley, Dave, "The Mount Steele rock avalanche: more details from the seismic data," agu.org, 20 October 2015 Retrieved 18 June 2020. Several estate workers of a tea plantation were feared trapped. In this issue: Volcano Awareness Month, atmospheric rivers, ShakeOut 2021, past tsunamis, the weight of cities, a review of Yellowstone in 2021, and 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192. To address landslide hazards, several questions must be considered: Where and when will landslides occur? This is an updated version of the April 2001 map layer. 3c). The large spatial extent of the USA (~9.1 million km2 of land area) combined with the geographic and topographic diversity (subaerial elevations ranging from 86m to 6194m) and variety of landslide-prone terrain (including nearly all forms of landslidesrockfalls, rock avalanches, earth flows, debris flows, among others) have previously presented considerable obstacles to a comprehensive national landslide inventory. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. 5,122 homes were destroyed or badly damaged by landslides and floods. One of the landslides is more than 3 miles long! Irrigation of arid plateaus, expansion of farmland definitive cause of long-term moving slides. 1999). For example, in northwestern California (Fig. SandraG/Shutterstock.com Washington City has had its fair share of bad days, and March 22nd, 2014, was one of them. In the National Risk Index, a Landslide Risk Index score and rating represent a community's relative risk for Landslides when compared to the rest of the United States. Debris flows destroyed village of Barranca Grande, and were 40 to 65m (131 to 213ft) deep. 1a) in selected regions of the USA, including a the Pacific Northwest, b the southern Rocky Mountains, and c the Appalachian Mountains, with color indicating semiquantitative confidence metric (see Table1). This hybridized map included four simpler and more intuitive classifications of (1) high, (2) medium, (3) apparently low (based on limited data), and (4) low. 3a) or among the VH or H susceptibility classes of Stanley and Kirschbaum (2017) (Fig. High resolution aerial imagery and topographic data, such as lidar, have accelerated the revolution in landslide mapping techniques (Schulz 2004, 2007; Van Den Eeckhaut et al. While landsliding is certainly more prominent in areas with steeper topography and higher relief that are already recognized as potentially hazardous (i.e., Pacific Northwest, Rocky Mountains, and Appalachia), the previous low-susceptibility classifications across much of the country do not necessarily indicate that landsliding is improbable (see also Fig. Caused by a heavy storm that deposited 911 millimetres (35.9in) of rain in a few days, Caused by land erosion following heavy rains and flooding. Triggered by the collapse of a glacially debuttressed slope, descended Devastation Creek. Geol Soc Am Abstr Programs 49:6. https://doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017AM-304216, King PB, Beikman HM (1974) Geology of the conterminous United States at 1:2,500,000 scale. and G. F. Wieczorek, "Landslide triggers and types" in, "Kvikkleieren kan stabiliseres med salt" (25 January 2021), 1958 Lituya Bay, Alaska earthquake and megatsunami, Aoraki / Mount Cook, Southern Alps, New Zealand, "Frequently Asked Questions: What was the biggest landslide in the world? 3b and Fig. These three previous products are shown overlaid with the landslide database in Fig. Xu said SMUs high performance computer known asManeFrame IIwas essential to analyzing at high speed the mammoth amount of data inherent in using the InSAR technique. Landslides occur on all seven continents, and in the U.S., they happen in all 50 states. This database will be updated intermittently and was most recently updated in March 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.02.001, Guzzetti F, Gariano SL, Peruccacci S, Brunetti MT, Marchesini W, Rossi M, Melillo M (2019) Geographical landslide early warning systems. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has a long history of coordinating efforts for landslide hazard assessment and risk reduction (see USGS 1982; Wieczorek and Leahy 2008). A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Precise characterization of the location, extent, and nature of landsliding benefit both planning efforts and research advances. An official website of the United States government. 1999). In: Eberhardt E, Froese C, Turner AK, Leroueil S (eds) Landslides and engineered slopes: protecting society through improved understanding. Landslide refers to a wide variety of mass wasting processes that result in the downward and outward movement of slope-forming materials including rock, soil, artificial fill, or a combination of these. That landslidehad a volume of2.8 cubic kilometers (0.67 cubic miles) of material and the landslide traveled about 22.5 kilometers (14 miles) down the North Fork Toutle River. Landslides are damaging and deadly, and they occur in every U.S. state. Text laid over it claims that a "50 meter tsunami after Canary Island volcano eruption and landslide puts THIS under water . They are: the coastal areas of California, Oregon, and Washington; the mountainous areas of Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah and Wyoming; https://doi.org/10.1080/04353676.1980.11879996, Coe JA, Godt JW (2001) Debris flows triggered by the El Nio rainstorm of February 23, 1998, Walpert Ridge and vicinity, Alameda County, California. Eng Geol. Thus, the map of our landslide database can be used to identify areas with dense data coverage and high-confidence mapping, which would be suitable for development of various types of landslide hazard assessments, including quantitative susceptibility modeling, as well as subjective landscape-driven methods to derive the important factors that influence landslide occurrence.

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