is sokushinbutsu still practiced

Matsumoto, A. The process of self-mummification typically requires 3,000 days of ritualistic training. The . Imagine a life so useless and empty that all the adherents have to do is mummify themselves while those around them actively seek guidance to God? refers to a practice of Buddhist monks observing austerity to the point of death and entering mummification while alive. This preparation period is necessary for a monk to transform his body into a lasting relic. Today, sokushinbutsu is not advocated or practiced by any Buddhist sect. No purchase necessary. Many monks are able to achieve successful preparation after completing the thousand-day cycle with the Mokujikigyo diet. The Menehune of Hawaii Ancient Race or Fictional Fairytale? A Visual Tour (Video), Behind the Scenes of Ancient Greece: Exploring the Daily Life of its People (Video), Trove of Ancient Artifacts Discovered in Paestum Include Dolphin Statuette of Eros, TheiaGreek Goddess of Light, the Sun, the Moon, and Wisdom, Greeces East Attica In Antiquity: Playground Of Gods, Heroes And Heroines, Triumphs and Turmoil: Unraveling the Legacy of the Severan Dynasty, High Status Skeletal Find of Ivory Man in Valencia Turns out To Be Ivory Lady, Fact or Fiction? Sokushinbutsu () refers to a practice of Buddhist monks who observed austerity to the point of death and mummification. At this point not drinking anything more than a small amount of salinized water, the monks would continue with their meditation practice. ZmViNDc0NjQxMmJiNzIyMTI5MDIzODVkYmVkZWYwMjhjZTcxMDhmZjUxODAy MjM2ODA3MTY4MDA1MGU5NGY5NTA3NDZhMmU4NjhlZDY4MjU2N2NjMmQzMTAx Accept Read More, Aokigahara Forest of Japan: The Suicide Paradox, https://allthatsinteresting.com/sokushinbutsu, https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/sokushinbutsu, https://www.kcpinternational.com/2017/05/japanese-monks-being-mummified-while-alive/. To inhibit the growth of bacteria, Endo said Shinnyokai is believed to have drunk the toxic sap of urushi, the Chinese lacquer tree related to poison sumac. They make us think of life and death, and what, if anything, it all means, Hijikata said. In 2021, the Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Pennsylvania was identified as the oldest human occupational site in North America, dated to at least 16,000 years old. It may be one of the more tourist-friendly of the temples that enshrine sokushinbutsu. ZTg0ZGI5YWU0MDU3YTFhYjhmYmJmMzU0Yjk3YzAyYTAxN2FmOTM0NjNlN2Ux Exploration through a history of exile, gold rush, and thriving cultural traditions. They rather concluded that mummification took place after the demise of the monk practising this kind of asceticism, as seen in South Asian lands. Available from: http://it.creepypasta.wikia.com/wiki/Sokushinbutsu, The Gruesome and Excruciating Practice of Mummifying Your Own Body io9. The practice was first pioneered by a priest named Kuukai over 1000 years ago at . Thegoal of Ancient Origins is to highlight recent archaeological discoveries, peer-reviewed academic research and evidence, as well as offering alternative viewpoints and explanations of science, archaeology, mythology, religion and history around the globe. But theyre not for public viewing.. 6 ratings. April Holloway is a Co-Owner, Editor and Writer of Ancient Origins. MDQ4OGJlNjA1NzFhMTI3ZDUxZGFiNTliNzA2Njk2ZWY3OTQ3YTE2N2ViNmNl He and his followers practiced Shugendo, a philosophy based on achieving spiritual power through discipline and self-denial. They were doing this in India a lot longer ago than 1000 years. Over 1000 years ago, this practice was developed by a Japanese monk named Kukai. Although roughly 28 of these sokushinbutsu remain, only 16 of them . Inside were his bloody testicles. (Video), Roman Treasure Unveiled: Yorks Ryedale Hoard (Video), Negev Desert Tombs Linked to Ancient Trafficking of Sacred Prostitutes, The Real Last Kingdom- Bamburgh Castle (Video). He was entombed on Mount Koya in Wakayama prefecture. Equipped with a bamboo rod as an airway for breathing, monks covered the coffin with charcoal, leaving the buried monk a small bell which he would ring to notify others that he was still alive. It is believed that many hundreds of monks attempted sokushinbutsu, but only 28 are known to have achieved mummification, many of whom can be visited in various temples in Japan. Available at: https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/sokushinbutsu, The Final Journey. Buddha figures are carved into volcanic rocks on the seashore of Yamagara Prefecture. As death approached, the devotees would rest in a small, tightly cramped pine box, which fellow votaries would lower into the ground, about ten feet below the Earths surface. Sokushinbutsu It is a practice of Buddhist monks that involves self mummification. According to the ritual, the monk survives on a special diet for three years and exercises a lot for the. Considered Tetsumonkais disciple, Tetsuryukai was preparing for self-mummification when the practice was outlawed. Mummies preserved naturally for seven centuries. But this is very different from the practices in Japan. Traditional gyza makers and eateries in Utsunomiya try to keep the dumplings Kin of convicted killer Masumi Hayashi break silence after 21 years, THE JAPAN TIMES, LTD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, Although one could argue that the doctrinal basis of sokushinbutsu is based on Kukais, Eric Swanson, doctoral candidate in the Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University. Corpses: Tales from the crypt. MGM2YmZjYWMxZDM4MGE1MTRkZTVjMWY3NzBmNGIwZGEwZjgxY2QyOGYyNzE1 [Visiting Japanese Buddhist Mummies]. To those of us who visit the quiet mummies today, they offer a respite from the seemingly unending trivialities of life. There are also said to be numerous burial mounds of sokushinbutsu yet to be excavated after the practice was banned during the Meiji Era. If the monk does not ring the bell, then the monk is assumed to have died in the state of meditation while chanting the mantra of Buddha or nenbutsu. Endo said Dainichibo used to enshrine three sokushinbutsu but two were lost to fire when the original temple burned down in 1875, seven years after the Meiji Restoration. ODk3NTA3YWM0NzM5NmViMDU3ZTc4NGUzMTAyZWE1YzI2YTE1OGY3YmI2OTk0 It involved . The Reykjavik Confessions: Why Admit to a Murder Was the Mystical French Oriflamme Undefeatable? The Buddhist temples of Yamadera, built into a mountain side, feature a viewing deck with sweeping views. By relying on the ritual practices of the Buddhist tradition that Kukai transmitted to Japan from China, Kukai asserted that a Buddhist practitioner could attain full enlightenment in a single lifetime. ALEX K.T. Over 1,000 years ago, a practice was pioneered by a Japanese priest named Kukai, which was intended to demonstrate the ultimate act of religious discipline and dedication self-mummification. ALEX K.T. Nihon no Miira Butsu wo Tazunete. So, what exactly is involved? Mustafa Marie Wed, 25 May 2022 - 12:41 GMT Self-mummified Buddha - Medium/Source:escape.com.au CAIRO - 25 May 2022: More than 1,000 years ago, an esoteric sect known as Shingonwhich combined elements from Buddhism, ancient Shinto, Taoism, and other religionsdeveloped the practice of embalming the living body. The diet helped the monks in getting rid of moisture, fat and muscles before they are placed in pine boxes. The account also states that Kukai would emerge again in almost 5.67 million years, at which point he will guide a specific number of souls towards salvation. The practice of Sokushinbutsu emerged as an inspiration from Kukai, a 9th century monk and the founder of the esoteric Shingon school of Buddhism in 806 AD. NDM1YjczOGY0YmFhY2QyYmZlNTdkNjdlMTAzYWI2Y2IyNzRkYjQ2YzE0MjNk That's assuming Ashina was still the same as the Ashina we see. To prove his resolution and dedication to a life of austerity, he disappeared and shortly returned with a small package for her. The corpses had been extensively damaged by rats and flies and appeared to have been posthumously smoke-dried. The most famoussokushinbutsu monk,Shinnyokai Shonin,is seated on Mount Yudonoin the Dainichi-Boo Temple. Interestingly, the beliefs with Sokushinbutsu also suggested that the monks gained the powers for protecting mankind on our planet. Many monks who attempted self-mummification underwent the process near Dainichi-Boo. MWJiYjE4MGFhNWI1YTUwYjMwNjIwYTM3Y2NiYjU1NWI1MjI4ZDVhYmI2NmZk -----END REPORT-----. While undergoing starvation, it was common for monks to ingest toxic nuts and herbs to inhibit the growth of bacteria in their bodies. Those monks who had succeeded in mummifying themselves were raised to the status of Buddha, put on display, and tended to by their followers. However, the method of live mummification was extremely painful as the process took up to three years to complete. Check out our lineup of courses taught by world-class experts from around the world. Pronunciation of Sokushinbutsu with 3 audio pronunciations. Hiding in plain sight at Anglesea Barracks in Hobart, the oldest Australian Army barracks still in use, is a solid piece of history easy to miss. Shinnyokai Shonin of the Dainichi-Boo Temple on the holy Mount Yudono ( Atlas Obscura ), Featured image: The body of Shinnyokai Shonin, found in Oaminaka, Japan. Adding weight to the legend, the genitals are missing from Tetsumonkais mummified body. He was seated in the lotus position, a position he would not move from until he died. Sokushinbutsu has been banned in Japan, but some of these Japanese mummy monks still survive today. ZmE3YjE5MDY4YTFiM2I3MjFlMGI4NTBmYjlmZGNlZDQ0MDk5MDc0NzA5NTIz On a more spiritual level, the extended, isolated quests for food would have a hardening effect on the monks morale, disciplining him and encouraging contemplation. 2023 Atlas Obscura. To a kid who thought mummies were bandaged, undead monsters in horror flicks, or dried-up Egyptian pharaohs exhibited in museums, it seemed peculiar that adults talked about them as if they were respected, kind uncles local elders overseeing the well-being of their communities. Sokushinbutsu: The Bizarre Practice of Self Mummification. He proceeded to gorge his left eye out and offered it to the Sumida River in prayer for a cure. Follow us on social media to add even more wonder to your day. The most famous is Shinnyokai Shonin of the Dainichibou Temple on the holy Mount Yudono. If successful, the monk was posthumously placed in a temple for others to see and honor. When the bell stopped ringing, the tube was removed and the tomb sealed for the final thousand day period of the ritual. Academics at the time concluded that it was highly likely that the dried testicles belonged to a man who endured extreme physical abuse in the name of ascetic training before being entombed at the age of 71. For days the buried monk would meditate in total darkness and ring the bell. Sweden's Great Lake monster, often referred to as "Storsjodjuret" or the Storsj Lake Monster. What does Japan have to offer the world in the history of mummification? Monks deprived themselves of food and eventually entombed themselves while they were still breathing, all in pursuit of a higher state of being. According to one account, he killed two samurai after finding them intoxicated on duty and confronting them for negligence. Does anyone know why the chap in the middle is rocking out his eternity in a fetching pair of shades? Movies and TV shows have done an exceptional job in helping us clearly identify what a mummy looks like. Towards the end of his life, Kukai went into a state of deep meditation and denied all food and water, eventually leading to his voluntary death. TIL about Sokushinbutsu, a practice of self-mummification observed by Japanese Buddhist monks. Moderate. Nearly 200 of them have been discovered so far, he said. MjdhMzZkOWNmOWY0YWY3Iiwic2lnbmF0dXJlIjoiOTBmMGM5M2VkOWY1MmZl His name was Bukkai, and in 1961 researchers at Tohoku University would exhume his remains, which now rest in Kanzeonji, a seventh-century Buddhist temple in southwest Japan. ZjI2NjljZjg4MWZmNGY1OTRiNmYzOTEwZDQ3NWRmNmFjMzc4YjIzZTk0MmM0 These sacred mountains are home to the Buddha mummies, sometimes referred to as 'living Buddhas' or ' Sokushinbutsu', attracting Shinto and Buddhist ascetics, scholars and tourists to the area for thousands of years. [10], One of the altars in the Honmy-ji temple of Yamagata prefecture continues to preserve one of the oldest mummiesthat of the sokushinbutsu ascetic named Honmykai. They say he was moving logs on a sled one winter when three children asked for a ride. Usually, the people who donated their bodies apparently did so around the age of 80. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. The extended period of starvationfulfilled the "necessary requirement of suffering," andalso solidified the basis of mummification. [11][10] The monk abstained from any cereals and relied on pine needles, resins, and seeds found in the mountains, which would eliminate all fat in the body. What's your favourite Fairy Tales (and their possible origins), about Buddhist Monks Self-Mummified Their Bodies While Still Alive, about The Heian Era: Golden Age of Japans Imperial Court, about Kamakuras Sixteen Wells: One of the Mysteries of Kazo-ji Temple, What Did Ancient Greece Really Look Like? Like Atlas Obscura and get our latest and greatest stories in your Facebook feed. Through a strict diet foraged from the nearby Mountains of Dewa, Japan, the monks worked to dehydrate the body from the inside out, ridding the self of fat, muscle, and moisture before being buried in a pine box to meditate through their last days on Earth. Though body donation is still considered a suitable choice today, this donation for modification involved more self-sacrifice, and was tougher. Practitioners instead would forage in the mountains for nuts, roots and seeds a process Endo said was aimed at reducing body fat and muscle. Buddhist mummies, also called flesh body bodhisattvas, full body sariras, or living buddhas (Sokushinbutsu) refer to the bodies of Buddhist monks and nuns that remain incorrupt, without any traces of deliberate mummification by another party.Many were destroyed or lost to history. Komei Sato, the head priest of Churenji, has been working to unearth traces of Tetsumonkai through stone monuments commemorating his deeds. Only a select few monks who performed the ritual were successful in being mummified alive. This mainly involved two types of austerities: mountain confinement, called sanro, and tree-eating austerities, mokujiki-gyo. It is thought that hundreds more aspiring monks failed to become mummies. Now Shinnyokai sits alone in a glass case, except when he is taken out for a redressing ceremony held every six years. Read More. Records indicate Tetsumonkai was a widely traveled and respected holy man with numerous legends to his name. According to an 11th century account of Kukai, he did not die at all at the time of his death in 835 AD. She regularly contributes to Runt of the Web, and her original humor has appeared on The Hard Times, Reductress, and The Hairpin. Hijikata said that during the Edo Period (1603-1868), Dewa, the area that now comprises Yamagata and Akita prefectures, was a spiritual center that rivaled Shikokus 88-temple pilgrimage and Mount Koya, the giant temple settlement in Wakayama Prefecture founded by Kukai. The last monk to die of sokushinbutsu did so illegally, passing years later in 1903. His only connection to the outside world was an air tube and a bell. Every weekday we compile our most wondrous stories and deliver them straight to you. , Churenji Temple sits in the shadows of sacred Mount Yudono in Yamagata Prefecture. After an intense amount of starvation and meditation, monks would retire to a small tomb or chamber, not much bigger than their own bodies. Generated by Wordfence at Sun, 9 Jul 2023 3:03:54 GMT.Your computer's time: document.write(new Date().toUTCString());. He was exhumed in 1961 and showed little to no signs of decay. Like others who became sokushinbutsu, Shinnyokai chose the path of an issei gyonin, or one who dedicates his life to ascetic practices. The ancient civilization of Greece is a historical period that has long been a subject of fascination and intrigue. Self-Mummification, Japanese monks attempting to achieve self-mummification, river stones within the stomachs of mummies, monks would retire to a small tomb or chamber. Shinnyokai And 'Sokushinbutsu gone wrong' isn't a pretty sight. eyJtZXNzYWdlIjoiYWUxOTk0N2IyNDEyNjA0YzY5OWM2MjhjMGNhYjEyYjAy [9] It involved a strict diet called mokujiki (literally, 'eating a tree'). Interestingly, the mummies which have been discovered in Northern Japan are many hundred years old, a testament to the centuries-old tradition. Several of these emaciated remains of zealots who endured extreme fasting to attain Buddha-hood are enshrined in old Shingon Buddhist temples sitting in the shadows of sacred Mount Yudono. In the next thousand days, monks would solely consume things like pine needles, tree bark, and resin. The Sokushinbutsu monks believed that physically destructive acts lead to the path of enlightenment. Masashi Hijikata spent four years traveling across Japan collecting anecdotes on self-mummified monks. [The Body and Paradise: Extreme Practices of Ascetics]. They went through a long, painful process in order to preserve their bodies and achieve Buddhahood and the state of Nirvana. As the diet and meditation routine of the monks helped in getting rid of moisture, fat and muscle, the changes to the body meant that it would resist decomposition even after death. Sokushinbutsu or living Buddhas, also referred as flesh body bodhisattvas, are mummies of Buddhist monks and nuns formed naturally through their practice of asceticism to the point of causing their own death and entering mummification sans any mummification effort by another party. The monks would follow a strict starvation diet until abstaining from eating altogether in order to lose as much body fat and moisture as possible. He was believed to be a samurai who decided to devote himself to a life of an ascetic after praying at the Swamp of Immortals for the recovery of his master, Lord Sakai, the daimyo of Tsuruoka, who was suffering from an illness. The steps involved in mummifying ones own body were extremely rigorous and painful. A steady stream of visitors can be seen entering the temple gates a beautifully weathered wooden structure established during the Kamakura Period (11851333) to pay respects to Shinnyokai, the temples resident sokushinbutsu. However, the mummies provide a fascinating window into the social landscape of pre-modern Japan through their stories of passion, hardships, sacrifice and intense religious fervor culminating in the attainment of Buddha-hood in the flesh. COURTESY OF RYUSUIJI DAINICHIBO, Examining the extreme ritual behind the monks who spent years turning themselves into mummies while NDJiNGQwZTRhZjIyNWUwMWFlYmQwZDJjMjdlYTYwYjE5MGQ2ZmQ4Mzk5NzU0 For privacy reasons, she has previously written on Ancient Origins under the pen name April Holloway, but is now choosing to use her real name, Joanna Gillan. . OTdhMmIwZTJhODI4ZGY4ZDk1MGUyNjlhN2RmMjhhYjM2MTc0YzJiMzU4Njlm Tullus Hostilius, the Legendary Roman Warrior King, Genghis Khan: The Man Who Forged the Most Feared Empire in History (Video), Mighty Queens: 8 Royal Powerhouses Who Shaped History (Video), The Enigma of Sweden's Great Lake Beast (Video), Smallpox Vaccine Sheds New Light on Mysterious Kaspar Hauser Legend, Mystery of the Latin Inscribed Artifacts Found in Arizona (Video), Haunting Tales: Exploring 4 of the Most Famous Ancient Ghost Stories. MmQzYWE0MTEzMTc2MjcwM2FkMTNlZGI4OGE1MzhhYTI0MGM1M2U5MWNkZWFk Winner will be selected at random on 08/01/2023. This is when he would have entered that cave, adopted the diet and practice of sokushinbutsu and seemingly, by himself has passed into eternal meditation and Buddhahood. Kukai (774 835 AD) was a Japanese monk, civil servant, scholar, poet, artist, and founder of an esoteric sect known as Shingon, which combined elements from Buddhism, Old Shinto, Taoism, and other religions. Source: Per Meistrup / CC BY-SA 3.0. they were alive, ALEX K.T. Ive come to believe thats what theyre here for., Yugaku Endo, the chief priest of Ryusuiji Dainichibo Temple. Fasting Buddha (Patrik Germann / CC BY-SA 4.0) Monks have to follow a strict diet, collected from the nearby Mountains of Dewa. The most important physical aspect of this process focuses on diet. It is believed that many hundreds of monks tried, but only between 16 and 24 such mummifications have been discovered to date. This practice was perfected over a period of time, particularly in the Three Mountains of Dewa region of Japan, that is the Haguro, Gassan and Yudono mountains. However, perhaps the most compelling of his legends may be another one involving self-mutilation. Being a kind man, he obliged, but one of the children fell off the sled and was killed. The sap from this tree contains abrasive chemicals that can cause a rash much like poison ivy. The researchers discovered that many of the mummies were artificially treated for better preservation, although there were no signs of the brain and viscera being removed in most cases. Sokushinbutsu () refers to the practice of self-mummification followed by a mountainous dwelling sect of Buddhist monks called Shugen-do. While theextreme process may seem brutal, the monks who attempted it viewed it as a way to achieve further enlightenment. Tetsumonkais missionary work centered on the Shonai region, but the monuments show it extended from the Kanto region up through Hokkaido. And to prevent decomposition, he consumed nothing but salt water for over 40 days, emptying the body of any food. The practitioners of sokushinbutsu did not view this practice as an act of suicide, but rather as a form of further enlightenment. Raveri, M. (1992). Some of the most incredible, beautiful, and strange places in the Atlas. At the same time, it also helped them draw further away from the general human world. OTIyOTllZWFmYzMzYjFmOGUwZmI4MDk5YjgyZWUwYmM0MzAyMDAzMDRkNzI0 The practitioners of . Many would not survive the freezing winters, when the area would be covered with heavy snow. His austere training was an inspiration to other like-minded people, and they followed him. [7] Alternate ascetic practices similar to sokushinbutsu are also known, such as public self-immolation practice in China. Drinking this tea hastened the monk's death while helping to preserve his body from the inside out. "Finding capable, dependable staff to assist our doctors caring for patients" remains a crucial task for many medical group leaders, as one poll respondent told MGMA . The woman tried to convince Tetsumonkai to come back to the city with her, but he refused. Yes, said the head priests elderly wife, who was giving us a brief tour of the room where Tetsuryukai is enshrined along with other artifacts. Enraged, the samurai attacked Shinnyokai, but in the ensuing frenzy Shinnyokai somehow managed to kill all of them. This is why the sokushinbutsu diet was called tree-eating, or mokujikyo. [1][2] Although mummified monks are seen in a number of Buddhist countries, especially in South Asia where monks are mummified after dying of natural causes, it is only in Japan that monks are believed to have induced their own death by starvation. NGQ0NjJmM2ZhZjU5NmU1NTVjODdiNDY0MzViOGE2OWVmMjBiNDlkMTM2NjYy It has been shown that a local spring had high levels of arsenic, and this may have helped the monks in the mummification process. ZjA4ZGYyZDc1NmQ2NTUyNGMzN2E0MzUyYmVhN2Q0MTk3NzI5OTIxZWQzMTE4 InLiving Buddhas: The Self-Mummified Monks of Yamagata, Japan , Ken Jeremiah points out that many religions have viewed the incorruptibility of the corpse as a sign of special grace or supernatural ability. This self-mummification was a religious practice undergone by Buddhist monks in 11th to 19th century Japan. [8], A mountain-dwelling religion called Shugend emerged in Japan as a syncretism between Vajrayana Buddhism, Shinto and Taoism in the 7th century, which stressed ascetic practices. Like Urushi tea, this arsenic water probably hastened deathwhile preventing decay. In the final stage, after more than six years of torturous preparation, the monk would lock himself in a stone tomb barely larger than his body, where he would go into a state of meditation. What is important here is the claim that the potential for this enlightenment is achieved within ones lifetime, and never once did Kukai suggest in his writings that the goal was to transform ones corpse into an object of veneration after death, as seen in the phenomenon of sokushinbutsu, Swanson said. YjBjOTQ2YWFiOGJmZjUwYThjOGJmYTQyNGVhMDFmNDAxZTM2YzRlYzJkMjU2 kcpinternational 628 140 comments Add a Comment Sokushinbutsu offer a trove of interesting backstories. Sokushinbutsu. It also acted as a preservative and killed off maggots and bacteria that would cause the body to decay after death. YWZkYzI4NDRjMGQ0MmI3MzA3OWVhMTdiNjBiZjA4N2Y0MmE4YWE1YjkxYWIy Sokushinbutsu was, in the simplest of terms, self-mummification. Later research found that his left eye is indeed missing, going some way to authenticating the story. As As Greek mythology goes, the universe was once a big soup of nothingness. Wrapped up in embalming cloth, the art of preserving dead bodies, has long been popularly associated with Egypt. Although the Japanese government outlawed this practice in the 19th century as they considered it as an act of suicide, it is said that this ritual is still practiced throughout temples in Japan. [4], There is at least one "self-mummified" 550-year-old corpse in existence: that of a Buddhist monk named Sangha Tenzin in a northern Himalayan region of India, visible in a temple in Gue village, Spiti, Himachal Pradesh. The monk subsisted on minimal food while dwelling inside a stone chamber, which became his tomb when he died at the age of 99. Lin Wood, a prominent right-wing attorney and election denier, has given up his law license in an apparent move to stave off disciplinary proceedings tied to his attempts to overturn the 2020 . These monks were resealed in their tombs. For the next one thousand days, their diet was restricted to just bark and roots. The monk inside the tomb would ring the bell daily to indicate that they were alive. Many scholars attribute ancient structures Advances in technology have drastically changed the way we live today compared to those of our ancient past. These claimed that he entered into a state of contemplation, or nyujo, at the end of his life on Mount Koya suggesting that he never died but was in a state of perpetual meditation.

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